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• Shigella flexneri 2a strain CVD 1207, with specific deletions in virG, sen, set, and guaBA, is highly attenuated in humans.

  Kotloff KL, Noriega FR, Samandari T, Sztein MB, Losonsky GA, Nataro JP, Picking WD, Barry EM, Levine MM. Kotloff KL, et al. Infect Immun. 2000 Mar;68(3):1034-9. doi: 10.1128/IAI.68.3.1034-1039.2000. Infect Immun. 2000. PMID: 10678904 Free PMC article.
• Microscopic examination of stools from nonhuman primates as a way of predicting the presence of Shigella.

  Hirsh DC, Davidson JN, Beards LR, Anderson JH, Budd CP, Henrickson RV. Hirsh DC, et al. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Jan;11(1):65-7. doi: 10.1128/jcm.11.1.65-67.1980. J Clin Microbiol. 1980. PMID: 6766465 Free PMC article.
• Antibodies to shiga holotoxin and to two synthetic peptides of the B subunit in sera of patients with Shigella dysenteriae 1 dysentery.

  Levine MM, McEwen J, Losonsky G, Reymann M, Harari I, Brown JE, Taylor DN, Donohue-Rolfe A, Cohen D, Bennish M, et al. Levine MM, et al. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Jul;30(7):1636-41. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.7.1636-1641.1992. J Clin Microbiol. 1992. PMID: 1629317 Free PMC article.
• Shiga and Shiga-like toxins.

  O'Brien AD, Holmes RK. O'Brien AD, et al. Microbiol Rev. 1987 Jun;51(2):206-20. doi: 10.1128/mr.51.2.206-220.1987. Microbiol Rev. 1987. PMID: 3299029 Free PMC article. Review. No abstract available.
• Attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a Delta guaBA strain CVD 1204 expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) CS2 and CS3 fimbriae as a live mucosal vaccine against Shigella and ETEC infection.

  Altboum Z, Barry EM, Losonsky G, Galen JE, Levine MM. Altboum Z, et al. Infect Immun. 2001 May;69(5):3150-8. doi: 10.1128/IAI.69.5.3150-3158.2001. Infect Immun. 2001. PMID: 11292735 Free PMC article.