A cAMP-independent glycogen synthase kinase has been purified from rabbit liver. This kinase is completely dependent on the presence of calmodulin and Ca2+ for activity. Half-maximal activation required about 0.1 microM calmodulin. Complete inhibition was obtained in the presence of ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid or trifluoperazine. This calmodulin-dependent synthase kinase does not phosphorylate phosphorylase, myosin light chain, casein, or histone. It rapidly incorporates 0.4 to 0.5 mol of 32P/mol of synthase subunit into the NH2-terminal domain, resulting in partial inactivation of glycogen synthase. These results indicate the existence of a calmodulin-dependent kinase which may be specific for glycogen synthase.