Leukemic cells from eight adult patients with various types of T-cell leukemias, including one patient with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (T-LSL), two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL), and five patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), were analyzed for their surface antigenic phenotypes with a series of monoclonal antibodies directing to human T-cell differentiation antigens. All of the leukemic T cells studied were regarded as being of post-thymic T-cell origin because of their ability to form rosettes with sheep red cells under the condition at 4 degrees C but not 37 degrees C as well as the expression of human Ly-1-like but not TL-like antigen on their cell surfaces. By using monoclonal antibodies to a variety of human of three distinct categories. Thus, one patient with T-LSL had cells with Leu-1+2a+3a+ phenotype, which might reflect possible post-thymic precursor T cells, whereas one patient with T-CLL had cells with the same phenotype (Leu-1+2a+3a-) as normal cytotoxic/suppressor T cells. The latter cells also expressed Ia antigens as defined by monoclonal antihuman Ia antibody. The remaining six cases, including one T-CLL and five ATL patients had leukemic cells with the same phenotype (Leu-1+2a-3a+) as normally found on helper/inducer T cells, despite distinct clinical and immunological features between T-CLL and ATL. Some clinical findings observed in those patients may reflect functional activities retained by their leukemic T cells.