PIP: When considering family planning both macro and micro level matters must be taken into account. Traditional arguments for large families include the simple belief that more is always better, creating a larger market for industry, and, especially for rural families, the need for extra labor. Many developing countries have adopted national population policies, yet better results have not yet been achieved because of the following: 1) no efficient bureaucracy provides the fmaily planning information, especially in rural areas; 2) some political leaders have been weak supporters of their own policies; 3) in some cases the medical profession has supported curative rather than preventive measures; and 4) some leaders have followed the theory that if they concentrate on economic and social development, population reduction will follow naturally. At the micro level, the principal problem is male opposition since smaller family size is seen to be a sign of a lack of virility. The male also feels that if his wife is protected against pregnancy, she can be unfaithful to him without being caught. Also men do not always pay attention to the effect of pregnancies on the health of the wife and can neglect the education of female children. Research in reproduction will make important contributions to family planning, especially by discussing better reversal techniques for sterilization, which is being seen as increasingly popular in all communities.