An attempt was made to search the medical records of the University Hospital and five affiliated hospitals at Rochester, NY for the last 10 years. Seventeen patients with superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome were found. The prevalence of this disease in a chronic-care hospital (0.965/1,000 admisssions) is significantly higher than that in acute general hospitals (0.0108-0.0520/1,000 admissions) by Chi square statistic (P less than 0.001). This syndrome should be suspected in patients with chronic wasting diseases who are bedridden and have lost weight after which they develop frequent vomiting or aspirations. On reviewing 146 cases from the literature after 1963, duodenojejunostomy was considered to be the best procedure for severe cases. The same good results were not achieved after gastrojejunostomy and lysis of the ligament of Treitz. Gastrojejunostomy provided adequate decompression of the stomach but was inadequate for releasing duodenal obstruction. Some patients after division of the ligament of Treitz had difficulty in downward displacement of the duodenum and the symptoms of obstruction persisted necessitating duodenojejunostomy. This paper demonstrates that in two patients gastrojejunostomy failed to relieve the obstruction. One of them had to be reoperated on and a duodenojejunostomy was performed with relief of obstructive symptoms.