Projections from vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysin neurons to neural targets were examined using the immunoperoxidase method. In the rat, neural target areas were found in portions of the limbic system, diencephalon, mesencephalon, brain stem, and spinal cord. In the human, only target areas in the brain stem and spinal cord were investigated. The projections to these targets derive from hypothalamic magnocellular vasopressin or oxytocin neurons, as well as from parvocellular vasopressin neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In neural target areas, axo somatic, as well as axodendritic, contacts are made. The findings suggest that these projections interact with other neurons, rather than release hormone into the bloodstream.