After recurrent laryngeal nerve resection for adductor spastic dysphonia, the voices of 37 patients (ages 39 to 79 years) were assessed 24 hours, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery, and those of 33 patients up to 1 1/2 years after surgery. By 24 hours after surgery, 97% of patients had improved and 3% had failed; by 1 month, 97% were still improved while 3% had failed; by 6 months, 92% had maintained improvement while 8% had failed; by 1 year, 68% were still improved but 32% had failed; and by a 1 1/2 years, 61% were still improved while 39% had failed. The patients whose voices improved varied from one another in both type and degree of residual dysphonia. The typical postsurgical voice was free of spasm, with some breathiness, hoarseness, and reduced volume being present. The voices of some patients approached normalcy. To most patients, relief from the physical effort to phonate was as important as the improved voice. Continued long-term follow-up studies and careful, collaborative selection of surgical candidates are needed.