Many mossy fiber afferent projections to the rat cerebellar cortex terminate in parasagittal bands. In particular, the anterior lobe vermis of the cerebellum contains alternating bands of mossy fibers from the spinal cord and external cuneate nuclei. The cerebellar cortical efferents, the Purkinje cells, are also organized in parasagittal bands. These can be revealed by immunochemical staining for the antigen zebrin II, which is selectively expressed by bands of Purkinje cells. In some cases, the boundaries between mossy fiber terminal fields align with identified transitions between zebrin+/- sets of Purkinje cells, whereas others are located within apparently homogeneous Purkinje cell compartments. Two theories can explain the terminal-field topography: In one view, mossy fiber terminals segregate during development, because growth cones from different sources compete for common territory. Alternatively, mossy fiber growth cones directly recognize chemically distinct target territories, and activity-dependent mechanisms play only minor roles. To explore these issues, two sets of experiments were performed. First, the terminal-field map of the neonatal spinocerebellar projection was compared to the Purkinje cell compartmentation as revealed by anticalbindin immunocytochemistry. Second, subsets of spinocerebellar mossy fiber afferents were ablated early in postnatal development, and the consequences for the neighboring cuneocerebellar terminal fields were mapped in the adult with reference to the zebrin II+/- compartments. These experiments revealed no evidence that competitive interactions constrain the mossy fiber terminal-field distribution but, rather, suggest that the organization of the mossy fiber projections follows the compartmentation of the Purkinje cells.