Background: Leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoblastoma and subtypes of gastric smooth muscle tumors. These rare tumors are usually treated with surgical resection. However, there is controversy regarding the optimal surgical management for these malignancies and little information is available on the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy in the adjuvant or palliative setting.
Methods: The records of 32 patients with gastric leiomyosarcoma or leiomyoblastoma were reviewed. Survival data were obtained and patient outcome was analyzed with respect to the type of treatment given. Four different staging systems were compared for their ability to predict survival.
Results: Thirty patients with leiomyosarcoma and two patients with leiomyoblastoma were followed after surgery. All 32 patients were explored, and 21 curative and 11 palliative procedures were performed. Adjacent organs were included in 38% of resections. Only three patients did not undergo gastric resection. Local recurrence developed in eight patients after curative resection for a local control rate of 62%. Eight other patients developed metastatic disease for an overall recurrence rate of 76% after curative resection. Median survival of patients undergoing curative resection was 40 months compared with 8 months for those having a palliative procedure. The estimated 5-year survival was 34% and 10%, respectively (p = 0.05). Twenty-five patients with advanced disease received systemic, hepatic arterial, or intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Eighty percent of patients received a regimen including doxorubicin. Four partial and one complete response were noted. Seven patients received postoperative radiation therapy. Fourteen patients underwent debulking surgery of recurrent or persistent disease in conjunction with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and debulking surgery did not result in statistically significant prolongation of survival. Seven patients remain alive, two with liver metastases. Four different staging systems for gastric sarcomas were compared, but none of them were found to be clearly superior in predicting survival.
Conclusions: Curative gastric resection was achieved in 66% of patients and resulted in a significant prolongation of survival as compared with patients who had a palliative procedure. Wedge resection of tumor or partial gastric resection appears to be an acceptable surgical approach to these tumors as long as negative margins can be obtained. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and debulking surgery did not result in significant prolongation of survival in the face of advanced disease. None of the staging systems for gastric sarcoma currently in use is completely satisfactory. Tumor grade and extent of disease seem to be the most important factors when determining prognosis or considering adjuvant therapy.