Surgeons routinely work with potentially infectious materials. The risk of acquiring a disease from one percutaneous exposure is 0.3-0.4% for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 6-30% for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and 2.7-10% for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Rates of blood contacts vary but may reach up to 11.9 per 100 h in the operating room. Residents are at highest risk, and obstetrics and gynaecology surgeons suffered the highest rate of exposures (10%) as a group. Contributing risk factors include trauma or emergency orthopaedic procedures, high patient blood loss, long procedures and holding tissue by hand while suturing. However, across occupations, nurses and other health workers experience greater risks than surgeons regarding potentially infectious exposures. Preventive measures such as the HBV vaccine and protective devices (i.e. self-capping needles, needle-free i.v. systems and improved barrier materials) have reduced the occupational risk of acquiring a blood-borne infection, which allows attention to be given to the psychosocial risks which may be more significant, yet are often overlooked. Doctors are at greater risk of divorce, alcoholism, substance abuse and suicide than are members of comparable professional groups. One study found that general surgeons had the highest rates of suicide of all doctors. According to family surveys, surgeons tend to be oblivious to the effects of work stressors, and may benefit from greater self-awareness; sharing of feelings and responsibilities with colleagues, family and patients; being willing to delegate work to others; setting work limits; and broadening perspectives in their approach to work.