The importance of social support and depression to recovery from illness is examined with reference to hip fracture. Subjects were community-dwelling, ambulatory White females 59 years of age and over who were recovering from hip fracture surgery. The respondents were interviewed at baseline and clinically interviewed 2 and 6 months postsurgery. Inadequacy of social support and depression resulted in less improvement in walking ability at 2 months. By 6 months, the flow of casual influence was in the reverse direction, with low improvement in walking ability leading to increased level of depression. Social support's influence mediated the impact of health and background factors, but this was primarily at 2 months. If social support is to influence recovery, it must be present early in the recovery process. Social support's long-term consequences are indirectly operating through recovery measures taken shortly after the illness event.