Substantial evidence indicates a causal role for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer. However, since recent advances in HPV detection techniques indicate that genital HPV infection among women is common, it is clear that transient HPV infection is not sufficient for development of cervical malignancy. Oncogenesis may require persistent infection as well as the presence of cofactors that are not yet completely understood. The role of HPV detection and typing in clinical management of HPV-associated lesions is currently being investigated.