Asthma, a major chronic health problem of children, has received little investigation in Native Americans. We conducted a survey of asthma in children of Jemez Pueblo, Jemez, New Mexico, in response to concerns of the community and health care providers about the frequency of asthma. In collaboration with Jemez Pueblo, we developed a standardized questionnaire and administered it to parents of 318 children aged 3 to 13 years. Parents reported that 12.3% had been diagnosed as having asthma or reactive airway disease by a physician or other health care practitioner. Asthma was reported as still active at the time of the interview for 55% of those subjects. The study showed that asthma was not uncommon among the Jemez Pueblo children and, in fact, was more common than in recent nationwide surveys.