A case is reported of a patient who developed Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis ten days after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt had been placed for control of elevated intracranial pressure. Intravenous antimicrobial therapy was instituted with imipenem and tobramycin after shunt removal and insertion of a ventriculostomy tube. Following the placement of a ventriculoatrial shunt, clinical and microbiological relapse occurred that was eventually cured after complete removal of the ventricular drainage system and a second course of systemic antibiotics. Relapse was confirmed by modern molecular typing techniques including plasmid DNA fingerprinting and analysis of total genomic DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.