Calcium phosphate (CaP) materials can be well characterized by traditional methods such as wet chemistry and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These methods, however, offer limitations when non-destructive evaluation of CaP coatings on curved surfaces is required. Since the source powders for these coatings are generally commercially available CaP powders, careful characterization of the source powders may allow inferences to be made regarding the effects of plasma spraying on coating composition. Nine commercially available CaP powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, wet chemistry and XRD. These techniques showed that major differences exist between individual powders claiming to be hydroxyapatite. Analysis of these nine powders by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) suggest that these techniques can provide the chemical composition of CaP in a non-destructive manner and thus may be of use in determining the composition of CaP in configurations (such as coatings on metal surfaces) not readily amenable to traditional methods. A calibration curve is required, however, to relate this surface chemical composition result to the material's bulk composition as determined by wet chemistry analysis. Errors of less than 10% can be obtained using ESCA and EDXA. These studies suggest that non-destructive chemical composition evaluation by EDXA and ESCA may also be applicable to CaP coatings.