1. To examine further the ability of different classes of nociceptive and nonnociceptive primary afferent neurons to induce c-fos expression in central neurons, fos-like immunoreactivity was examined in the medullary dorsal horn (laminae I-IV) of the rat after facial application of a range of warming and cooling thermal stimuli. Urethan-anesthetized rats received 15 30-s thermal pulses (53, 50, 47, 41, 25, or 10 degrees C) applied to the vibrissal pad over a period of 30 min and were perfused 2 h after the end of stimulation. 2. Stimulation of 41 degrees C produced no significant increase in the number of fos-LI-labeled cells in lamina I or II compared with control (35 degrees C) animals. 3. Stimulation of 47 degrees C produced a significant increase in the number of fos-LI-labeled cells in both laminae I and II. Stimulation of 50 degrees C produced a significant increase in labeling, compared with that produced by 47 degrees C, which was primarily in lamina II. Stimulation of 53 degrees C produced no further increase in the number of labeled cells, compared with that produced by 50 degrees C, in lamina I or II. 4. In the cooling direction, 25 degrees C produced a significant increase in labeling above control levels in both lamina I and II, whereas 10 degrees C produced a further increase compared with 25 degrees C, which was restricted to lamina I. 5. None of the stimuli produced a significant increase in labeling in laminae III-IV. 6. The results are interpreted as providing evidence that low-threshold cold receptors, high-threshold cold receptors, and nociceptors are capable of inducing fos expression in dorsal horn neurons, whereas warm receptors are relatively ineffective. The results also provide evidence that neurons that receive input from C polymodal nociceptors are present in both laminae I and II, as are neurons that receive input from low-threshold cold receptors. Neurons that receive input from high-threshold cold receptors, but not from low-threshold cold receptors, appear to be located preferentially in lamina I. The shape of the curve relating fos-LI labeling to stimulus temperature in the warming direction is consistent with the expected pattern of recruitment of primary afferent nociceptors.