We measured frequency-of-seeing curves for tiny (1.125 and 3.375 min arc) stimuli flashed briefly at absolute threshold to estimate the density of foveal cones in normals and in subjects with Stargardt's macular dystrophy. Foveal absolute thresholds for Stargardt's were elevated 1.5 log units over normal. Analysis using Poisson counting statistics indicated that the quantal absorption to stimulate individual cones was normal for Stargardt's but that effective optical density of individual cones was reduced by > 1 log. Numerical density of foveal cones was reduced 1 log unit for Stargardt's patients with acuities of 20/30-20/100.