The volume of isoflow and increase in maximal flow at 50 percent of forced vital capacity during helium-oxygen breathing as tests of small airway dysfunction

Abstract

The purpose of this report is to review the role of helium in the early detection of obstructive pulmonary disease. The underlying physiologic mechanisms of the volume of isoflow (the volume at which flow was the same with the subject breathing air and breathing a mixture of 80 percent helium and 20 percent oxygen) and increases in maximal flow at 50 percent of vital capacity (Vmax50) after breathing helium are reviewed. These tests are able to detect physiologic abnormalities in asymptomatic subjects when the results of other tests are normal; and following cessation of smoking, abnormal results may be reversible. The volume of isoflow is increased when maximal flow is reduced because of loss of elastic recoil or increase in upstream resistance. The increase in Vmax50 after breathing helium appears to be relatively specific for the caliber of the small airways, being uninfluenced by loss of elastic recoil; it can further help to localize the major site of obstruction to either small or large airways. At present, random screening for early unsuspected disease is not warranted, and these tests remain an investigative tool.