We measured DNA double-strand breaks (dsbs) immediately after exposure of a non-transformed human fibroblast cell line (HF19) to gamma-rays (0-40 Gy) at four dose-rates (10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 Gy/min) at 37 degree C using clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. The shape of the dose-response curves, which could be approximated by a straight line over the range 0-20 Gy for irradiation at 4 degree C, became curvilinear when irradiation was carried out at 37 degree C at 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 Gy/min and reached a plateau at 10 Gy after irradiation at 0.01 Gy/min. We present a mathematical analysis that predicts the results of irradiation at 37 degree C from dsb induction and repair data obtained at 4 degree C, followed by incubation for repair at 37 degree C. The model assumes that the rate of dsb rejoining changes continuously with repair time and that it is independent of dose and dose-rate in the range 10-40 Gy. The model also assumes a linear induction of dsb with dose at 4 degree C and dsb induction is independent of dose-rate and of temperature during irradiation. Independent measurements of dsb induction at 4 degree C and of repair rate accurately predict the dsb levels after irradiation at 37 degree C, during which both phenomena occur simultaneously.