The authors investigated the validity of Asperger Syndrome (AS) by comparing the neuropsychological profiles in this condition and Higher-Functioning Autism (HFA). Diagnostic assignment followed a stringent procedure based on ICD-10 research criteria for the two disorders. The groups had comparable age and Full Scale IQ distributions. The groups differed significantly in 11 neuropsychological areas. The profile obtained for individuals with AS coincided closely with a cluster of neuropsychological assets and deficits captured by the term nonverbal learning disabilities, suggesting an empirical distinction from HFA.