To elucidate the intraganglionic circuitry in sympathetic ganglia, attempts have been made to define the nature and source of those neuronal elements that establish synaptic connections there. Intracellular labeling of sympathetic cells is of particular value for this purpose. Dendrites of principal neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion exhibit a varying complexity in their morphology and arborization. Some dendrites show specializations such as a glomerular plexus, where extensively-branched dendritic collaterals form synaptic connections comprising not only axodendritic synapses between preganglionic axons and principal cell dendrites, but also dendrodendritic synapses between principal cell dendrites. A few of these may represent reciprocal synapses. Most presynaptic elements of adrenergic synapses observed by conventional methods appear to represent these specialized dendritic collaterals of principal neurons. These presynaptic dendrites may be an important addition to the conventional scheme of intraganglionic synaptic organization. However, there seem to be extreme species and even strain differences in the number of these adrenergic synapses, and in the sophistication of the specialized local circuits within sympathetic ganglia. Sympathetic ganglia may thus function as more than a simple relay station, with specialized neuronal circuitry that may be involved in the modulation of cholinergic transmission.