Twenty-one couples for whom in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or GIFT treatment failed were followed-up 15-30 months after treatment and compared with 20 couples for whom IVF had been successful. Current mental health status, quality of life and marital adjustment were assessed via standardised questionnaires. In addition, couples' experiences of IVF/GIFT treatment were explored via a semi-structured interview. Questionnaire results showed that unsuccessful IVF/GIFT recipients cannot be distinguished from general population norms. However, these couples reported more emotional distress relative to those whom treatment had worked and females in particular indicated a lower quality of life. Couples who had at least one child prior to IVF/GIFT treatment tended to show greater emotional distress at follow-up. Both groups gave similar accounts of the positive and negative aspects of IVF/GIFT treatment, but the unsuccessful group felt less supported by the IVF Unit staff and were less satisfied with the counseling they received. The data indicate that post-treatment counseling may be particularly important for facilitating positive reconstructions of the IVF experience when treatment is unsuccessful.