The cell cycle in breast cancer

APMIS. 1997 Aug;105(8):575-89. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05056.x.

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease regarding morphology, invasive behavior, metastatic capacity, hormone receptor expression and clinical outcome. For prediction of prognosis, tumor cell kinetics is an important feature, traditionally evaluated by estimation of cell growth-associated parameters such as mitotic index, S-phase fraction and expression of proliferation coupled proteins, for example proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 antigen. Recent data indicate that deregulation of the cell cycle can occur at different levels in cancer and that the "deregulation pattern" can be of clinical significance. In the present overview we give a short description of approaches used for cell proliferation assessments, whereafter more recent data on cell cycle deregulation are discussed. Alterations of importance in breast cancer include overexpression of cyclins D1 and E, down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as p16, and inactivation of the retinoblastoma and p53 tumor suppressor proteins.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Breast Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Cell Cycle*
  • Cyclins
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic*
  • Humans
  • Models, Biological
  • Prognosis
  • Retinoblastoma Protein
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Substances

  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Cyclins
  • Retinoblastoma Protein
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53