Abstract
This article discusses the general nuances of hypospadias, exstrophy/epispadias, and ambiguous genitalia. Embryologic considerations, etiologic factors, anatomy, associated anomalies, and timing of referrals and surgery are discussed.
MeSH terms
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Abnormalities, Multiple
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Bladder Exstrophy* / diagnosis
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Bladder Exstrophy* / surgery
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Disorders of Sex Development* / genetics
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Disorders of Sex Development* / surgery
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Female
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Gonadal Dysgenesis
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Humans
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Hypospadias* / diagnosis
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Hypospadias* / embryology
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Hypospadias* / surgery
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Male
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Penis / surgery
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Vagina / abnormalities