Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-seropositive and HIV-seronegative pregnant women in Bangkok, and the relation to perinatal HIV transmission.
Methods: As part of a multicenter perinatal HIV transmission study in an antenatal population with 2% HIV seroprevalence, endocervical swabs obtained at mid-pregnancy from a consecutive sample of 222 HIV-seropositive and 219 HIV-seronegative pregnant women at two large hospitals in Bangkok were tested for the presence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae by DNA hybridization probe (Gen-Probe). Clinical risk factors and DNA probe results were analyzed in relation to the women's and newborns' HIV infection status.
Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 16.2% in HIV-seropositive pregnant women and 9.1% in HIV-seronegative pregnant women (P = 0.03). The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was 2.7% in HIV-seropositive pregnant women and 1.4% in HIV-seronegative pregnant women (P = 0.5). The overall population prevalence estimate was 9.2% for C. trachomatis and 1.4% for N. gonorrhoeae. Women with gonococcal infection were more likely to be positive for C. trachomatis (RR(MH) = 5.2, P < 0.01). Young age (<21 years) and primigravid status were associated with C. trachomatis infection among HIV-seropositive women; history of multiple sex partners (>1) were associated with C. trachomatis infection among HIV-seronegative women. For HIV-seropositive women, primigravida status also was associated with C. trachomatis infection. The perinatal HIV transmission rates were similar for those with and without C. trachomatis (24.1% and 23.2%, P = 0.9) and among those with and without N. gonorrhoeae (20% and 23.5%, P = 1.0).
Conclusions: Among pregnant women in Bangkok, C. trachomatis infection was considerably more common than N. gonorrhoeae infection and was associated with HIV infection, young age and first pregnancy (HIV-seropositive women), and multiple partners (HIV-seronegative women). Our data do not suggest an association between perinatal HIV transmission and maternal C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae infection identified and treated during pregnancy. The high prevalence of C. trachomatis found using a test not readily available in Thailand emphasizes the need for improved, inexpensive ways to screen for and diagnose these sexually transmitted infections in developing countries.
PIP: Numerous studies have suggested that Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae facilitate heterosexual HIV transmission; the impact of these sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) on perinatal HIV transmission is unknown, however, due to the expense of routine screening for STDs during pregnancy in developing countries. As part of a multicenter perinatal HIV transmission study, 222 HIV-positive and 219 HIV-negative women presenting for prenatal care at 2 hospitals in Bangkok, Thailand, during 1993-94 were enrolled. At mid-pregnancy, endocervical swabs were obtained and tested for the presence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae by DNA hybridization probe. There were 36 cases (16.2%) of C. trachomatis infection among HIV-positive women and 20 cases (9.1%) among HIV-negative women. There were 6 cases (2.7%) of N. gonorrhoeae among HIV-positive women and 3 cases (1.4%) among HIV-negative women. Based on an estimated antenatal HIV seroprevalence of 2%, these findings imply a general antenatal prevalence of 9.2% for C. trachomatis and 1.4% for N. gonorrhoeae. Women with gonococcal infection were more likely (relative risk, 5.2) to be positive for C. trachomatis as well. C. trachomatis infection among HIV-infected pregnant women was associated with age under 21 years and primigravidity. The overall perinatal HIV transmission rate was 24.2%, with no significant difference according to STD infection status. However, since all women diagnosed with STDs received treatment by the mid-third trimester of pregnancy, it remains possible that untreated STDs facilitate perinatal HIV transmission. The high prevalence of C. trachomatis detected in this study through use of a test not readily available in Thailand emphasizes the need for inexpensive, reliable methods to screen for STDs among pregnant women in developing countries.