Growth hormone (GH) regulates numerous cellular functions in many different tissues. A common receptor is believed to mediate these tissue-specific effects, suggesting that post-receptor signalling molecules or tissue sensitivity to GH may differ between tissues. Tissue sensitivity depends upon the abundance of GH receptors (GHRs), thus tissue-specific GHR regulation could enable tissue-specific GH actions. The comparative autoregulation of GHR gene transcription in central (whole brain or hypothalami) and peripheral (liver, bursa, spleen and thymus) tissues was therefore examined in domestic fowl. In all tissues, a 4.4 kb GHR gene transcript that encodes the full-length GHR was identified. The abundance of this transcript was inversely related to endogenous GH status; it was lower in males with high circulating concentrations of GH and higher in females with lower basal concentrations of plasma GH. The abundance of this transcript was also rapidly downregulated in response to a bolus systemic injection of recombinant chicken GH, designed to mimic an episodic burst of endogenous GH release. This autoregulatory response was observed within 2 h of GH administration and was of greater magnitude in the brain than in peripheral tissues. Intracerebroventricular injections of GH also downregulated GHR gene expression in the brain, although hepatic GHR transcripts were unaffected 24 h after central administration of GH. In contrast, the induction of hyposomatotropism by passive GH immunoneutralization increased the abundance of the GHR transcript in the thymus, but not in other central (brain) or peripheral (bursa, liver) tissues. GH is not the sole regulator of GHR abundance, however; hypersomatropism induced by hypothyroidism was associated with an increase in GHR mRNA. The expression of the GHR gene in the domestic fowl would thus appear to be autoregulated by GH in a tissue-specific way.