This review explores the role of the cytopathology laboratory in the detection and presumptive identification of microorganisms. Sample procurement by exfoliation, abrasion, and aspiration techniques, as well as a variety of cytopreparatory and staining methods, is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the utility of fine-needle aspiration as a rapid, safe, and cost-effective diagnositic procedure. The role of rapid interpretation and specimen triage is also discussed. Cytomorphologic features and staining characteristics are presented for a spectrum of microorganisms potentially encountered in the cytopathology laboratory. Pitfalls in diagnosis and the usefulness of special stains and ancillary techniques are also evaluated. The importance of communication, collaboration, and clinical correlation is stressed.