Thoracic surgical oncology involves surgical treatment of lesions of the thoracic wall, pulmonary parenchyma, or mediastinum (also including heart, esophagus, or trachea). The most common neoplasms of the thoracic wall are osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Histopathologic type, the use of chemotherapy for osteosarcoma, and completeness of surgical margins are prognostic for survival. Relative to solitary pulmonary masses, carcinomas are most common, with histopathologic type, tumor size, tumor grade, and lymph node status prognostic for survival. Of the aforementioned variables, lymph node status is the most significant. Extensive preoperative workup, including bronchoscopy and transthoracic fine needle aspiration of solitary lung masses, is usually not recommended. Thymomas are the most common surgical mediastinal mass. Patients are frequently affected with paraneoplastic syndromes including myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, and nonthymic neoplasia. Patients without megaesophagus with surgically resectable masses have an excellent prognosis for survival. Provision of analgesia after surgery in thoracotomy patients is extremely important. Carefully selected analgesic agents in thoracotomy patients are far less damaging to cardiovascular status than is tachycardia from excessive pain. Given these and other guidelines, perioperative mortality in thoracotomy patients is minimal, and long-term survival in selected patients is excellent.