Both growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are potent anabolic agents. Exogenous GH improves nitrogen metabolism in patients undergoing surgery; however, the anabolic effects of GH in cases of multiple injury, burn, and sepsis are equivocal. Moreover, few data are available concerning the effects of GH in organ failures. Exogenous IGF-1 attenuates catabolism in animal trauma models. A clinical trial, however, did not confirm the anabolic actions of IGF-1. Further knowledge of the interaction between the GH/IGF-1 axis in critical illness is essential for GH and IGF-1 therapy. Theoretically, the improved nitrogen metabolism achieved with exogenous anabolic agents may provide functional benefits. However, only a few studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of GH on body function in trauma and sepsis. GH treatment decreases the postoperative depression of hand grip strength. GH also stimulates wound healing. Both GH and IGF-1 exert their effects on immune system, suggesting that these anabolic agents are potentially beneficial for the prevention and treatment of sepsis. On the contrary, inhibition of polymorphonuclear neutrophil apoptosis and the potentiation of PMNs by GH may have harmful effects on the systemic responses. Further studies are required to determine the safety and clinical benefits of GH administration in critical illness.