The nutritional status of 15 Negro patients suffering from unresectable carcinoma of the midthoracic oesophagus was evaluated before and after palliative pulsion intubation. All were shown to be in negative nitrogen balance and to have a compromised non-specific cellular immune response. Correction of protein-calorie malnutrition and the achievement of positive nitrogen balance were associated with an increase in absolute lymphocyte and T lymphocyte numbers and a significant increase in lymphocyte response to PHA. The improvement in immunological reactivity occurred without any attempt at therapeutic reduction in tumour bulk.