Purpose: Siblings of index patients with vesicoureteral reflux are known to have an increased incidence of reflux. Previously reported studies have evaluated vesicoureteral reflux in asymptomatic siblings of children who were previously proved to have reflux. We determine the incidence and nature of vesicoureteral reflux in symptomatic siblings of children with documented vesicoureteral reflux.
Materials and methods: Between January 1990 and December 1996, 624 patients were diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux during the investigation of documented urinary tract infections. All patients were evaluated for reflux by contrast voiding cystourethrography and reflux was graded according to the international reflux study. 99mTechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid nuclear renal scans were performed to detect renal scarring. The medical records and voiding cystourethrograms of the 624 consecutive patients with vesicoureteral reflux were retrospectively reviewed to identify siblings with vesicoureteral reflux.
Results: Vesicoureteral reflux was noted in 85 siblings (134 refluxing ureters) of the 624 index patients (13.6%), including 1 and 2 siblings of 38 and 3 patients, respectively. Mean age at presentation of the 37 boys and 48 girls was 2.5 years. Reflux was unilateral in 36 siblings and bilateral in 49. Reflux was grades I to V in 8, 9, 51, 55 and 11 ureters, respectively. Nuclear scan revealed reflux nephropathy in 22 of the 77 tested siblings (28.5%).
Conclusions: When vesicoureteral reflux is discovered in symptomatic siblings, it is usually high grade and associated with a higher incidence of reflux nephropathy. Of further interest are the findings that refluxing symptomatic siblings of index patients are usually younger and boys are as commonly affected as girls. Screening for vesicoureteral reflux in asymptomatic siblings is recommended to decrease the incidence of reflux nephropathy.