Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: a two-way relationship

Ann Periodontol. 1998 Jul;3(1):51-61. doi: 10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.51.

Abstract

Severe periodontal disease often coexists with severe diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is a risk factor for severe periodontal disease. A model is presented whereby severe periodontal disease increases the severity of diabetes mellitus and complicates metabolic control. We propose that an infection-mediated upregulation cycle of cytokine synthesis and secretion by chronic stimulus from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and products of periodontopathic organisms may amplify the magnitude of the advanced glycation end product (AGE)-mediated cytokine response operative in diabetes mellitus. In this model, the combination of these 2 pathways, infection and AGE-mediated cytokine upregulation, helps explain the increase in tissue destruction seen in diabetic periodontitis, and how periodontal infection may complicate the severity of diabetes and the degree of metabolic control, resulting in a 2-way relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease/infection. This proposed dual pathway of tissue destruction suggests that control of chronic periodontal infection is essential for achieving long-term control of diabetes mellitus. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that elimination of periodontal infection by using systemic antibiotics improves metabolic control of diabetes, defined by reduction in glycated hemoglobin or reduction in insulin requirements.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Chronic Disease
  • Cytokines / biosynthesis
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / etiology*
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / therapy
  • Glycation End Products, Advanced / metabolism
  • Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / complications*
  • Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / drug therapy
  • Humans
  • Hyperglycemia / etiology*
  • Periodontal Diseases / etiology*
  • Periodontal Diseases / microbiology
  • Periodontal Diseases / therapy*
  • Up-Regulation

Substances

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Cytokines
  • Glycation End Products, Advanced