Until there is a cure for breast cancer, clinicians must focus their attention on current modalities of early detection that can accurately diagnose the early stage of the disease. Mammography continues to be the most reliable and accurate tool for breast imaging although controversy continues to obscure the issue of appropriate mammographic screening for women 40-49 years of age. Agencies such as the American Cancer Society and the American College of Radiology recommend year screening for women older than 40 years of age. Patient risk factors should be examined thoroughly in making individual decisions regarding breast screening. Additionally, the historic perspective of mammography and new technologies emerging in improved breast imaging are presented. The radiologist's interpretation of mammography and the role of the primary care provider are also reviewed.