For functional recovery after spinal cord injury, regenerating fibres need to grow and to reform appropriate connections with their targets. The isolated central nervous system of neonatal opossums aged 1-9 days has been used to analyse the precision with which neurons become reconnected during regeneration. In culture these preparations maintain their electrical activity and show rapid outgrowth through spinal cord crushes or cuts. By recording electrically and by staining with horseradish peroxidase, we first demonstrated that direct reflex connections were already present at birth between sensory fibres in one segment and motoneurons in the same segment and in adjacent segments. As in previous experiments, 5 days after the spinal cord had been crushed, labelled sensory fibres grew across the lesion to reach the next segment (Woodward et al. (1993) J. Exp. Biol., 176, 77-88; Varga et al. (1995a) Eur. J. Neurosci., 7, 2119-2129, Varga et al. (1995b) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 10959-10963). Beyond the lesion the labelled axons abruptly changed direction, traversed the spinal cord and terminated on labelled motoneurons in the ventral horn. In preparations that had regenerated dorsal root stimulation once again initiated ventral root reflexes. Electron micrographs revealed synapses made by labelled sensory axons on motoneurons. Double staining of growing sensory axons and radial glial fibres showed close association, suggesting guidance. These results indicate that the original pathway is re-established during repair and that appropriate connections are reformed after injury.