Magnetic layered double hydroxide composite as new adsorbent for efficient Cu (II) and Ni (II) ions removal from aqueous samples: Adsorption mechanism investigation and parameters optimization

In this work, the magnetic layered double hydroxide composite as a new adsorbent was synthesized and applied for efficient copper (II) and nickel (II) ions removal from aqueous samples. After fabrication, the adsorbent was identified and characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), while FE-SEM reveals and denote layered structure of present adsorbent. The magnetic strength of 20.34 emu g^-1 supplies sufficient magnetic property which leads to a solution fast separation of the adsorbent from the sample solution by an external magnet. Then, central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the effects of various parameters on the removal process and accordingly best operational conditions was fixed at: 0.039 g of adsorbent, 6.31 min sonication, pH (8) and 17 mgl^-1 of both copper (II) and nickel (II) ions concentrations, respectively. Moreover, the "Lack of Fit p-values" of analysis of variance were obtained to be 0.3758 and 0.8750 for nickel (II) and copper (II) ions, respectively which is not significant value denoting suitability of the current model. Amongst different isotherm and kinetic models, the current adsorption process followed the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models, while the criterion for judgment is based on their higher correlation coefficients (more than 0.9) compared to other models. Kinetic judgment is based on the closeness of experimental and theoretical adsorption capacity and higher R² values. The Freundlich model based on the multilayer process occurs owing to the adsorption of ions onto the heterogeneous surface of the adsorbent. The adsorbent showed the maximum adsorption capacities of 200.00 mg g^-1 and 109.92 mg g^-1 for Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions, respectively. Experimental results explore that the chemical and electrostatic interactions were responsible for the under-study model ions. The relative standard deviations assign to both metal ions adsorption was 1.63-3.78% representing the applicability of the composite for practical purposes.