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They have been propagated as a healthier alternative to tobacco smoking and a potential device for smoking cessation, despite non-documentation of their long-term adverse health effects. ...CONCLUSION: There is a need to conduct large long-term global clinical trials in real life settings to ascertain the potential uses, adverse effects of ECIG and achieve harmonization of nicotine solution concentration....

EC emissions that might have adverse effects on cardiovascular health include nicotine, oxidants, aldehydes, particulates, and flavourants. To date, most of the cardiovascular effects of ECs demonstrated in humans are consistent with the known effects of nicotine. ...

Therefore, consideration of smoking behavior and recommendation of smoking cessation are important parts of dental treatment planning. ...The health effects of long-term ECIG use are unknown. The purpose of this review is to inform healthcare professionals about waterpipes and ECIGs, highlight emerging evidence on the biological effects of these increasingly popular tobacco products, and introduce perspectives for dental patient management and future research....

Tobacco smoking is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Both donor and recipient smoking have been shown to increase graft loss and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients in many studies. Only in lung transplants is smoking a universal contraindication to transplantation. Transplant centers implement different policies regarding smoking recipients and allografts from smoking donors. ...

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are advertised as a less harmful nicotine delivery system or as a new smoking cessation tool. ...In many cases, the added flavor in e-cigs exacerbated the detrimental effects of e-cig vapor. We conclude that both e-cig vaping and conventional cigarette smoking negatively impact lung biology....

There was also evidence of adverse effects on muscles, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments. There were few studies on the musculoskeletal health outcomes of secondhand smoke, smoking cessation, or other modes of smoking, such as waterpipes or electronic cigarettes. ...There is a need for further research to understand mechanisms of action for the effects of smoking on the musculoskeletal system and to increase awareness of healthcare providers and community members of the adverse effects of smoking on the musculoskeletal system....

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is increasing rapidly, but their effects on lung toxicity are largely unknown. Smoking is a well-established cause of lung cancer and respiratory disease, in part through inflammation. ...The relative effects for impacting disease risk may differ for these groups. Cell culture and experimental animal data indicate that e-cigs have the potential for inducing inflammation, albeit much less than smoking. ...

In vitro studies have demonstrated direct cytotoxic effects of e-cigarettes on human and mouse stem cells. The observed changes in the value of spirometric parameters during the using e-cigarettes also require verification of current views in this respect. ...