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1950 1
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1963 4
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1968 8
1969 4
1970 1
1971 4
1972 5
1973 4
1974 4
1975 1
1976 1
1978 1
1983 1
1986 1
1987 3
1988 15
1989 7
1990 13
1991 26
1992 20
1993 17
1994 15
1995 8
1996 11
1997 16
1998 10
1999 12
2000 12
2001 17
2002 28
2003 27
2004 41
2005 33
2006 44
2007 32
2008 38
2009 36
2010 38
2011 44
2012 49
2013 50
2014 45
2015 45
2016 48
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2019 115
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2024 53

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An International, Multidisciplinary Consensus Set of Patient-Centered Outcome Measures for Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.
Black N, Chung S, Tisdale C, Fialho LS, Aramrattana A, Assanangkornchai S, Blaszczynski A, Bowden-Jones H, van den Brink W, Brown A, Brown QL, Cottler LB, Elsasser M, Ferri M, Florence M, Gueorguieva R, Hampton R, Hudson S, Kelly PJ, Lintzeris N, Murphy L, Nadkarni A, Neale J, Rosen D, Rumpf HJ, Rush B, Segal G, Shorter GW, Torrens M, Wait C, Young K, Farrell M. Black N, et al. J Clin Med. 2024 Apr 8;13(7):2154. doi: 10.3390/jcm13072154. J Clin Med. 2024. PMID: 38610919 Free PMC article.
Human metabolism of four synthetic benzimidazole opioids: isotonitazene, metonitazene, etodesnitazene, and metodesnitazene.
Taoussi O, Berardinelli D, Zaami S, Tavoletta F, Basile G, Kronstrand R, Auwärter V, Busardò FP, Carlier J. Taoussi O, et al. Arch Toxicol. 2024 Apr 6. doi: 10.1007/s00204-024-03735-0. Online ahead of print. Arch Toxicol. 2024. PMID: 38582802
Following isotonitazene scheduling in 2019, the availability of alternative 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids (nitazenes) on the global drug market increased, resulting in many fatalities worldwide. ...Twelve, nine, twenty-two, and ten metabolites were identified for isoton …
Following isotonitazene scheduling in 2019, the availability of alternative 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids (nitazenes) on the global d …
Formation of multiple ion types during MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloids in dosed rat brain tissue.
Liang Z, Guo Y, Ellin N, King TI, Berthold EC, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Prentice BM. Liang Z, et al. Talanta. 2024 Mar 21;274:125923. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125923. Online ahead of print. Talanta. 2024. PMID: 38569366
Mitragyna speciosa, more commonly known as kratom, has emerged as an alternative to treat chronic pain and addiction. However, the alkaloid components of kratom, which are the major contributors to kratom's pharmaceutical properties, have not ye …
Mitragyna speciosa, more commonly known as kratom, has emerged as an alternative to treat chronic pain and addiction. However, …
A multi-modal image fusion workflow incorporating MALDI imaging mass spectrometry and microscopy for the study of small pharmaceutical compounds.
Liang Z, Guo Y, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Prentice BM. Liang Z, et al. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Mar 13:2024.03.12.584673. doi: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584673. bioRxiv. 2024. PMID: 38559145 Free PMC article. Preprint.
As a proof of concept, our multi-modal workflow was applied to brain tissue extracted from a Sprague Dawley rat dosed with a kratom alkaloid, corynantheidine. Four candidate mathematical models including linear regression, partial least squares regression (PLS), random for …
As a proof of concept, our multi-modal workflow was applied to brain tissue extracted from a Sprague Dawley rat dosed with a kratom a …
A Case of 'Neptune's Fix Elixir': The Dangerous Consequences of Unregulated Use of Tianeptine in Over-the-Counter Products.
Espiridion ED, Qutob M, Lozano P. Espiridion ED, et al. Cureus. 2024 Feb 28;16(2):e55120. doi: 10.7759/cureus.55120. eCollection 2024 Feb. Cureus. 2024. PMID: 38558634 Free PMC article.
Tianeptine is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder in some European, Asian, and Latin countries. ...For this reason, along with increased reports of adverse effects and fatalities, tianeptine has not been appro …
Tianeptine is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder in some European, Asian, a …
Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Kratom and Cannabidiol in Male Rats.
Berthold EC, Kamble SH, Kanumuri SRR, Kuntz MA, Senetra AS, Chiang YH, Mukhopadhyay S, McCurdy CR, Sharma A. Berthold EC, et al. Pharmaceutics. 2024 Feb 24;16(3):318. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030318. Pharmaceutics. 2024. PMID: 38543213 Free PMC article.
Surveys of individuals with kratom use history indicate that cannabidiol use is one of the strongest predictors of both lifetime and past month kratom use. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are changes in pharmacokinetic properties when commerciall …
Surveys of individuals with kratom use history indicate that cannabidiol use is one of the strongest predictors of both lifetime and …
An In Vitro Examination of Whether Kratom Extracts Enhance the Cytotoxicity of Low-Dose Doxorubicin against A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells.
Bayu A, Rahmawati SI, Karim F, Panggabean JA, Nuswantari DP, Indriani DW, Ahmadi P, Witular R, Dharmayanti NLPI, Putra MY. Bayu A, et al. Molecules. 2024 Mar 21;29(6):1404. doi: 10.3390/molecules29061404. Molecules. 2024. PMID: 38543040 Free PMC article.
In this study, we reported the sensitivity enhancement of A549 human lung cancer cells on doxorubicin at a low dose (0.1 ppm) in combination with 10-60 ppm of crude and alkaloid extracts derived from the leaves of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Rubiaceae …
In this study, we reported the sensitivity enhancement of A549 human lung cancer cells on doxorubicin at a low dose (0.1 ppm) in combination …
Extraction and detection of mitragynine in Kratom leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Ng K, Ha T. Ng K, et al. Nat Prod Res. 2024 Mar 27:1-6. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2331602. Online ahead of print. Nat Prod Res. 2024. PMID: 38534914
The primary active alkaloid, mitragynine, found in Kratom leaves affects the same -receptor as the opioids. The potential effects of Kratom leaves on humans draw international concerns. The purpose of this study is to develop an efficient extraction method fo …
The primary active alkaloid, mitragynine, found in Kratom leaves affects the same -receptor as the opioids. The potential effe …
Tianeptine as an opiate replacement in a patient on methadone treatment: A case report.
Velagapudi V, Calabrese J, Sethi R. Velagapudi V, et al. J Opioid Manag. 2024 Jan-Feb;20(1):87-91. doi: 10.5055/jom.0851. J Opioid Manag. 2024. PMID: 38533719
Buprenorphine-naloxone has been successfully utilized to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) in patients concurrently using tianeptine, limiting withdrawal symptoms and abstinence. However, there is limited evidence on the management of tianeptine use disorder, specific …
Buprenorphine-naloxone has been successfully utilized to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) in patients concurrently using tianeptine, l …
Kratom-Induced Psychiatric Decompensation and Paranoid Delusions.
Awad M, Burke HH, Oakman SA. Awad M, et al. Cureus. 2024 Feb 21;16(2):e54626. doi: 10.7759/cureus.54626. eCollection 2024 Feb. Cureus. 2024. PMID: 38524086 Free PMC article.
Kratom is a plant extract readily available for purchase in the USA. ...It was discovered that the patient had been ingesting increasingly large quantities of kratom in the weeks leading up to the admission. It is believed that kratom may be responsible for t …
Kratom is a plant extract readily available for purchase in the USA. ...It was discovered that the patient had been ingesting increas …
Mitragynine (Kratom)-Withdrawal behaviour and cognitive impairments can be ameliorated by an epigenetic mechanism.
Yunusa S, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Yunusa S, et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2024 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/bph.16352. Online ahead of print. Br J Pharmacol. 2024. PMID: 38523471
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Kratom is a preparation from Mitragyna speciosa, which is used as a natural drug preparation for many purposes around the world. ...Thus, it may provide a new treatment approach for aversive Kratom/mitragynine withdrawal and add …
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Kratom is a preparation from Mitragyna speciosa, which is used as a natural drug preparation for many …
Antibacterial and anti-coronavirus investigation of selected Senegalese plant species according to an ethnobotanical survey.
Ba A, Roumy V, Al Ibrahim M, Raczkiewicz I, Samaillie J, Hakem A, Sahpaz S, Belouzard S, Diatta W, Sidybé M, Neut C, Séron K, Seck M, Rivière C. Ba A, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Jun 28;328:118070. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118070. Epub 2024 Mar 21. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024. PMID: 38521430
The most active plants against HCoV-229E were: Ficus sycomorus L., Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir., and Spermacoce verticillata L. One of these plants, Mitragyna inermis, was also active against SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION: This work confir …
The most active plants against HCoV-229E were: Ficus sycomorus L., Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir., an …
Effects of kratom on driving: Results from a cross-sectional survey, ecological momentary assessment, and pilot simulated driving Study.
Zamarripa CA, Spindle TR, Panlilio LV, Strickland JC, Feldman JD, Novak MD, Epstein DH, Dunn KE, McCurdy CR, Sharma A, Kuntz MA, Mukhopadhyay S, Raju KSR, Rogers JM, Smith KE. Zamarripa CA, et al. Traffic Inj Prev. 2024;25(4):594-603. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2327827. Epub 2024 Mar 18. Traffic Inj Prev. 2024. PMID: 38497810
We evaluated the self-reported driving behaviors of kratom consumers and assessed their simulated-driving performance after self-administering kratom products. ...Research is needed to objectively characterize kratom's impact on driving in regular and …
We evaluated the self-reported driving behaviors of kratom consumers and assessed their simulated-driving performance after self-admi …
Testing for Kratom alkaloids in fingernail clippings - not only mitragynine.
Ameline A, Gheddar L, Arbouche N, Blanchot A, Raul JS, Kintz P. Ameline A, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2024 Jun 15;243:116078. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116078. Epub 2024 Mar 1. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2024. PMID: 38489958
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a species of large tree that grows in Southeast Asia and is part of the Rubiaceae family. ...The interpretation of these concentrations is complex, since there is currently no reference in the literature, as this is the first identific …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a species of large tree that grows in Southeast Asia and is part of the Rubiaceae family. ...Th …
Effects of Itraconazole on Pharmacokinetics of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Healthy Volunteers.
Mongar P, Jaisi A, Inkviya T, Wungsintaweekul J, Wiwattanawongsa K. Mongar P, et al. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024 Feb 20;7(3):823-833. doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00335. eCollection 2024 Mar 8. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024. PMID: 38481700
Pharmacokinetics (PK) of mitragynine and 7OH in humans is still limited. We aimed to examine the pharmacokinetics of mitragynine and the formation of 7OH in healthy volunteers. ...Freshly prepared kratom tea consisting of 23.6 mg of mitragynine was giv …
Pharmacokinetics (PK) of mitragynine and 7OH in humans is still limited. We aimed to examine the pharmacokinetics of mitragynine …
Human Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine Pharmacokinetics after Single and Multiple Daily Doses of Oral Encapsulated Dried Kratom Leaf Powder.
Huestis MA, Brett MA, Bothmer J, Atallah R. Huestis MA, et al. Molecules. 2024 Feb 23;29(5):984. doi: 10.3390/molecules29050984. Molecules. 2024. PMID: 38474495 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Due to few human mitragynine data, the largest randomized, between-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of 500-4000 mg dried kratom leaf powder (6.65-53.2 mg mitragynine) was conducted. ...These mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitr …
Due to few human mitragynine data, the largest randomized, between-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study o …
Workflow to facilitate the detection of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in influent urban wastewater.
Bade R, van Herwerden D, Rousis N, Adhikari S, Allen D, Baduel C, Bijlsma L, Boogaerts T, Burgard D, Chappell A, Driver EM, Sodre FF, Fatta-Kassinos D, Gracia-Lor E, Gracia-Marín E, Halden RU, Heath E, Jaunay E, Krotulski A, Lai FY, Löve ASC, O'Brien JW, Oh JE, Pasin D, Castro MP, Psichoudaki M, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Gomes CS, Subedi B, Thomas KV, Thomaidis N, Wang D, Yargeau V, Samanipour S, Mueller J. Bade R, et al. J Hazard Mater. 2024 May 5;469:133955. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133955. Epub 2024 Mar 5. J Hazard Mater. 2024. PMID: 38457976 Free article.
Eight NPS were also identified with this protocol: 3-methylmethcathinone 11%), eutylone (6%), etizolam (2%), 3-chloromethcathinone (4%), mitragynine (6%), phenibut (2%), 25I-NBOH (2%) and trimethoxyamphetamine (2%). ...
Eight NPS were also identified with this protocol: 3-methylmethcathinone 11%), eutylone (6%), etizolam (2%), 3-chloromethcathinone (4%), …
Pharmacologic Characterization of Substituted Nitazenes at μ, κ, and Δ Opioid Receptors Suggests High Potential for Toxicity.
Kozell LB, Eshleman AJ, Wolfrum KM, Swanson TL, Bloom SH, Benware S, Schmachtenberg JL, Schutzer KA, Schutzer WE, Janowsky A, Abbas AI. Kozell LB, et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2024 Apr 18;389(2):219-228. doi: 10.1124/jpet.123.002052. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2024. PMID: 38453524
Notably, for MOR binding, nine substituted nitazenes had significantly higher affinities than fentanyl including N-pyrrolidino etonitazene, N-pyrrilidino isonitazene, and N-desethyl isotonitazene; 13 had subnanomolar affinities. Only metodesnitazene and flunitazene had sig …
Notably, for MOR binding, nine substituted nitazenes had significantly higher affinities than fentanyl including N-pyrrolidino etonitazene, …
Prevalence of Kratom Use Disorder among Kratom Consumers.
Hill K, Grundmann O, Smith KE, Stanciu CN. Hill K, et al. J Addict Med. 2024 Mar 5. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001290. Online ahead of print. J Addict Med. 2024. PMID: 38441236
OBJECTIVES: Kratom leaf products are increasingly consumed in the United States, with many consumers reporting they experience beneficial effects from kratom use. However, there is a growing concern for kratom's potential to result in dependence when u …
OBJECTIVES: Kratom leaf products are increasingly consumed in the United States, with many consumers reporting they experience benefi …
A Neuroanatomic and Pathophysiologic Framework for Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.
Norred MA, Zuschlag ZD, Hamner MB. Norred MA, et al. Drugs. 2024 Feb;84(2):149-164. doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01983-5. Epub 2024 Feb 28. Drugs. 2024. PMID: 38413493 Review.
In this manuscript, the authors introduce novel and emerging treatments for PTSD, including drugs in various stages of development and clinical testing (BI 1358894, BNC-210, PRAX-114, JZP-150, LU AG06466, NYV-783, PH-94B, SRX246, TNX-102), established agents and known compounds b …
In this manuscript, the authors introduce novel and emerging treatments for PTSD, including drugs in various stages of development and clini …
An Update on Tianeptine Regulations.
Hargett JL, Lowry PF, Lee KN. Hargett JL, et al. J Addict Nurs. 2024 Jan-Mar 01;35(1):2. doi: 10.1097/JAN.0000000000000560. Epub 2024 Feb 15. J Addict Nurs. 2024. PMID: 38373171 No abstract available.
Kratom: Facts, Fiction, and the Unknown.
Hatch A, Gonzalez E, Hanna K. Hatch A, et al. J Am Board Fam Med. 2024 Feb 16:jabfm.2023.230335R0. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230335R0. Online ahead of print. J Am Board Fam Med. 2024. PMID: 38365310 No abstract available.
N-desethyl isotonitazene detected in polydrug users admitted to hospital in Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Pucci M, Singh Jutley G, Looms J, Ford L. Pucci M, et al. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2024 Jan;62(1):19-25. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2309321. Epub 2024 Feb 14. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2024. PMID: 38353737
INTRODUCTION: Nitazenes are potent synthetic opioids and N-desethyl isotonitazene, a metabolite of isotonitazene, has emerged as a drug in its own right. ...Although these features are also consistent with the known effects of N-desethyl isotonitazene, in onl …
INTRODUCTION: Nitazenes are potent synthetic opioids and N-desethyl isotonitazene, a metabolite of isotonitazene, has emerged …
Severe jaundice with life-threatening liver failure after Kratom use: Reversed by plasma exchange.
Dasgupta A, Ye Z. Dasgupta A, et al. Transfus Apher Sci. 2024 Feb 8:103898. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2024.103898. Online ahead of print. Transfus Apher Sci. 2024. PMID: 38341316 Free article.
Kratom is an herbal supplement which is used for its stimulating properties and pain reduction due to interaction with opioid receptors. ...Finally on day 5 he was discharged at stable condition with a total bilirubin value of 21.3 mg/dL. There is no antidote for Kratom …
Kratom is an herbal supplement which is used for its stimulating properties and pain reduction due to interaction with opioid recepto …
Screening and confirmation of psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine and ketamine metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Wood ME, Brown GJ, Karschner EL, Seither JZ, Brown JT, Knittel JL, Walterscheid JP. Wood ME, et al. J Anal Toxicol. 2024 Mar 1;48(2):111-118. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkae002. J Anal Toxicol. 2024. PMID: 38287693
Therefore, a high-throughput urine screening method for psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine was developed and validated in conjunction with a urine and blood confirmation method. There are analytical challenges to overcome wit …
Therefore, a high-throughput urine screening method for psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorket …
Monitoring the use of novel psychoactive substances in Australia by wastewater-based epidemiology.
Jaunay EL, Bade R, Paxton KR, Nadarajan D, Barry DC, Zhai Y, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Mueller J, White JM, Simpson BS, Gerber C. Jaunay EL, et al. Sci Total Environ. 2024 Apr 1;919:170473. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170473. Epub 2024 Jan 28. Sci Total Environ. 2024. PMID: 38286292 Free article.
The NPS detected in wastewater were 25-B-NBOMe, buphedrone, 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 3-chloromethcathinone, N,N-dimethylpentylone (N,N-DMP), N-ethylheptedrone, N-ethylpentylone, eutylone, 4F-phenibut, 2-fluoro deschloroketamine, hydroxetamine, mephedrone, methoxetamine, methylon …
The NPS detected in wastewater were 25-B-NBOMe, buphedrone, 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 3-chloromethcathinone, N,N-dimethylpentylone (N,N-DMP) …
Method development for the quantification of nine nitazene analogs and brorphine in Dried Blood Spots utilizing liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry.
Ververi C, Galletto M, Massano M, Alladio E, Vincenti M, Salomone A. Ververi C, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2024 Apr 15;241:115975. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115975. Epub 2024 Jan 12. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2024. PMID: 38280237 Free article.
A simple method for the quantification of low levels of nine nitazene analogs and brorphine in Dried Blood Spots (DBS) was developed and validated. 10 muL of spiked whole blood is deposited on a CapitainerB card and allowed to dry. ...The method validation showed linear ca …
A simple method for the quantification of low levels of nine nitazene analogs and brorphine in Dried Blood Spots (DBS) was developed …
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Self-Reported Kratom Use, Effects, and Motivations Among US Adults.
Smith KE, Panlilio LV, Feldman JD, Grundmann O, Dunn KE, McCurdy CR, Garcia-Romeu A, Epstein DH. Smith KE, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Jan 2;7(1):e2353401. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.53401. JAMA Netw Open. 2024. PMID: 38277146 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize proximal motivators, effects, and patterns of kratom use and to assess whether use frequency is associated with motivations, effects, past-year criteria for SUD for kratom (KUD), or other substance use. ...Longitudinal studies examining ch …
OBJECTIVE: To characterize proximal motivators, effects, and patterns of kratom use and to assess whether use frequency is associated …
Presence of kratom in opioid overdose deaths: findings from coroner postmortem toxicological report.
Torrico T, Patel K, Nikolov N, Salam MT, Padhy R, Weinstein D. Torrico T, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2024 Jan 10;14:1332999. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1332999. eCollection 2023. Front Psychiatry. 2024. PMID: 38268564 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in the United States is becoming increasingly popular and its legal status varies widely from state to state. ...DISCUSSION: The findings of this brief report provide insight into the role that mitragynine (krato …
BACKGROUND: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in the United States is becoming increasingly popular and its legal status varies …
Enhancing antidepressant safety surveillance: comparative analysis of adverse drug reaction signals in spontaneous reporting and healthcare claims databases.
Kim T, Jiang X, Noh Y, Kim M, Hong SH. Kim T, et al. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jan 8;14:1291934. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1291934. eCollection 2023. Front Pharmacol. 2024. PMID: 38259269 Free PMC article.
Among the unlabeled signals, one (Duloxetine-Myelopathy) was from protopathic bias, and two (duloxetine-myelopathy and tianeptine-osteomalacia) were statistically significant in RR. Conclusion: NHIC exhibited greater capability in detecting ADR signals associated with anti …
Among the unlabeled signals, one (Duloxetine-Myelopathy) was from protopathic bias, and two (duloxetine-myelopathy and tianeptine-ost …
Knowledge of Kratom among Alabama Pharmacists.
Penzak SR, Durham SH, Phillippe HM, Fox BI. Penzak SR, et al. Pharmacy (Basel). 2023 Dec 30;12(1):6. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy12010006. Pharmacy (Basel). 2023. PMID: 38251400 Free PMC article.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a botanical substance whose leaves produce stimulant- and opioid-like effects. ...These data indicate a need to further kratom education among community pharmacists in Alabama....
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a botanical substance whose leaves produce stimulant- and opioid-like effects. ...These data in …
Rhabdomyolysis in the Context of Designer Benzodiazepine Misuse.
Noe G, Shah K, Quattlebaum T, Munjal S. Noe G, et al. Cureus. 2023 Dec 18;15(12):e50741. doi: 10.7759/cureus.50741. eCollection 2023 Dec. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 38234935 Free PMC article.
A 26-year-old male with a history of poly-substance misuse, including alcohol, psychedelics, opiates, kratom, and benzodiazepines, presented to the emergency department with altered mental status and agitation after an accidental overdose on liquid flubromazolam and clonaz …
A 26-year-old male with a history of poly-substance misuse, including alcohol, psychedelics, opiates, kratom, and benzodiazepines, pr …
An insight review on the neuropharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of mitragynine.
Annuar NAK, Azlan UK, Mediani A, Tong X, Han R, Al-Olayan E, Baharum SN, Bunawan H, Sarian MN, Hamezah HS, Jantan I. Annuar NAK, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Feb;171:116134. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116134. Epub 2024 Jan 13. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024. PMID: 38219389 Free article. Review.
Mitragynine is one of the main psychoactive alkaloids in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (kratom). It has opium-like effects by acting on mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors in the brain. ...
Mitragynine is one of the main psychoactive alkaloids in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (kratom). It has opium-like effects …
An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: uses, abuse potential, and future considerations.
McCurdy CR, Sharma A, Smith KE, Veltri CA, Weiss ST, White CM, Grundmann O. McCurdy CR, et al. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Jan-Jun;17(2):131-142. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2305798. Epub 2024 Jan 29. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2024. PMID: 38217374 Review.
INTRODUCTION: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) has generated substantial clinical and scientific interest as a complex natural product. ...EXPERT OPINION: With the increasing use of kratom in clinical practice, clinicians should be aware of the potential benefits …
INTRODUCTION: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) has generated substantial clinical and scientific interest as a complex natural prod …
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Following Prenatal Use of Supplements Containing Tianeptine.
Ikeri K, Anderson A, Eyal F, Whitehurst R. Ikeri K, et al. Pediatrics. 2024 Jan 1;153(2):e2023062382. doi: 10.1542/peds.2023-062382. Pediatrics. 2024. PMID: 38213293
Tianeptine is an opioid receptor agonist that is prescribed as an antidepressant in many countries. ...Nonetheless, products containing tianeptine are easily obtainable and are marketed as dietary supplements. ...
Tianeptine is an opioid receptor agonist that is prescribed as an antidepressant in many countries. ...Nonetheless, products containi …
Neuroactivity screening of botanical extracts using microelectrode array (MEA) recordings.
van Kleef RGDM, Embry MR, Mitchell CA, Westerink RHS. van Kleef RGDM, et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 2024 Feb;184:114438. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114438. Epub 2024 Jan 6. Food Chem Toxicol. 2024. PMID: 38191119 Free article.
Extract materials (50 mug/mL) derived from aristolochia, ephedra, green tea, milk thistle, tripterygium, and usnea inhibit neuronal activity. Extracts of kava, kratom and yohimbe are particularly potent and induce a profound inhibition of neuronal activity at the low dose …
Extract materials (50 mug/mL) derived from aristolochia, ephedra, green tea, milk thistle, tripterygium, and usnea inhibit neuronal activity …
Responses to a "Typical" Morning Dose of Kratom in People Who Use Kratom Regularly: A Direct-Observation Study.
Smith KE, Rogers JM, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Weiss ST, Dunn KE, Feldman JD, Kuntz MA, Mukhopadhyay S, Raju KSR, Taylor RC, Epstein DH. Smith KE, et al. J Addict Med. 2024 Mar-Apr 01;18(2):144-152. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001259. Epub 2024 Jan 3. J Addict Med. 2024. PMID: 38174871
INTRODUCTION: Use of kratom has outpaced systematic study of its effects, with most studies reliant on retrospective self-report. METHODS: We aimed to assess acute effects following kratom use in adults who use regularly, and quantify alkaloids in the products, urin …
INTRODUCTION: Use of kratom has outpaced systematic study of its effects, with most studies reliant on retrospective self-report. MET …
A Platform for the Synthesis of Corynantheine-Type Corynanthe Alkaloids.
Nam Y, Tam AT, Miller ER, Scheidt KA. Nam Y, et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2024 Jan 10;146(1):118-124. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c12556. Epub 2023 Dec 28. J Am Chem Soc. 2024. PMID: 38153983
Corynantheine-type alkaloids are major components of the Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, that exhibit unique pharmacological activity. ...Through this work, all series of corynantheine alkaloids including indole, spirooxindole, and pseudoindoxyl can now be …
Corynantheine-type alkaloids are major components of the Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, that exhibit unique pharmac …
Prevalence, Characteristics, and Reasons for Kratom Use among Psychiatrically Ill Inpatients Who Use Substances.
Stanciu CN, Ahmed S, Sarfraz Z, Nimavat N, Healey CJ, Grundmann O, Ballard JR, Henningfield J. Stanciu CN, et al. J Dual Diagn. 2024 Apr-Jun;20(2):87-97. doi: 10.1080/15504263.2023.2289456. Epub 2023 Dec 28. J Dual Diagn. 2024. PMID: 38153407
RESULTS: Of the patients assessed, 2.2% (n = 13) reported using kratom. The reasons for kratom use were managing withdrawal symptoms (15.4%), maintaining sobriety and reducing cravings for opioids (53.8%), improving focus and concentration (30.8%), alleviating low m …
RESULTS: Of the patients assessed, 2.2% (n = 13) reported using kratom. The reasons for kratom use were managing withdrawal sy …
Development of Methyl Ester Antibody-Based Competitive Indirect ELISA for Quantitative Detection of Mitragynine in Human Urine.
Mustafa RR, Sukor R, Mohd Nor SM, Saari N, Mohsin AZ. Mustafa RR, et al. ACS Omega. 2023 Nov 17;8(50):47412-47426. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02734. eCollection 2023 Dec 19. ACS Omega. 2023. PMID: 38144118 Free PMC article.
Mitragynine is the main psychoactive compound of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. ...The detection of mitragynine in a biological sample such as urine requires a highly sensitive and specific method due to the complex nature of mitragynine in urine. ...
Mitragynine is the main psychoactive compound of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. ...The detection of mitragynine in a biologi …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in a sample of drug-dependent adolescents in rehabilitation for drug use in Malaysia.
Singh D, Azuan MA, Narayanan S. Singh D, et al. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2023 Dec 23:1-16. doi: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2293941. Online ahead of print. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2023. PMID: 38142274
BACKGROUND: Leaves derived from the Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) tree have been traditionally ingested for their curative properties by diverse groups of the population including people who use drugs (PWUDs) in Southeast Asia. ...CONCLUSION: While kratom was b …
BACKGROUND: Leaves derived from the Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) tree have been traditionally ingested for their curative prope …
Engineered biosynthesis of plant heteroyohimbine and corynantheine alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Dror MJ, Misa J, Yee DA, Chu AM, Yu RK, Chan BB, Aoyama LS, Chaparala AP, O'Connor SE, Tang Y. Dror MJ, et al. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024 Jan 9;51:kuad047. doi: 10.1093/jimb/kuad047. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024. PMID: 38140980 Free PMC article.
We demonstrate that the serpentine/alstonine pair can be produced at 5 mg/L titer, while corynantheidine, the precursor to mitragynine can be produced at 1 mg/L titer. Feeding of halogenated tryptamine led to the biosynthesis of analogs of alkaloids in both families. ...
We demonstrate that the serpentine/alstonine pair can be produced at 5 mg/L titer, while corynantheidine, the precursor to mitragynine …
Risk Assessment of Psychotropic Drugs on Mitochondrial Function Using In Vitro Assays.
Rosell-Hidalgo A, Eakins J, Walker P, Moore AL, Ghafourian T. Rosell-Hidalgo A, et al. Biomedicines. 2023 Dec 11;11(12):3272. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11123272. Biomedicines. 2023. PMID: 38137493 Free PMC article.
., aripiprazole, phenytoin, and fluoxetine, an uncoupler (reserpine), substrate inhibitors (quetiapine, carbamazepine, buspirone, and tianeptine), and cytotoxic compounds (chlorpromazine and valproic acid) in HepG2 cells. ...
., aripiprazole, phenytoin, and fluoxetine, an uncoupler (reserpine), substrate inhibitors (quetiapine, carbamazepine, buspirone, and tia …
A social media analysis of kratom use to discontinue stimulants.
Settle JR, Smith A, Rausch P. Settle JR, et al. J Addict Dis. 2023 Dec 17:1-7. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2292304. Online ahead of print. J Addict Dis. 2023. PMID: 38105430
BACKGROUND: While FDA-approved treatments exist for opioid use disorder, none are available for stimulant use disorder. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an unregulated plant-derived substance with known opioid- and stimulant-like effects, has been used to self-treat opi …
BACKGROUND: While FDA-approved treatments exist for opioid use disorder, none are available for stimulant use disorder. Kratom (Mi …
The association between neuropsychiatric effects of substance use and occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum and unfolded protein response: A systematic review.
Yang B, Zhang R, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI. Yang B, et al. Toxicol Lett. 2024 Jan;391:71-85. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.008. Epub 2023 Dec 14. Toxicol Lett. 2024. PMID: 38101493
The selected studies revealed that alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine, opioid and kratom exposures contributed to neuropsychiatric effects: such as decline in learning and memory function, executive dysfunction, alcohol, methamphetamine, opioid, and kratom dependence …
The selected studies revealed that alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine, opioid and kratom exposures contributed to neuropsychiatric eff …
Effects of yeast and dried kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa [Korth] Havil.) supplementation on digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats.
Va S, Supapong C, Chanjula P. Va S, et al. Anim Biosci. 2024 Feb;37(2):228-239. doi: 10.5713/ab.23.0153. Epub 2023 Dec 11. Anim Biosci. 2024. PMID: 38098130 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats. ...
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digest …
Severe tianeptine withdrawal symptoms managed with medications for opioid use disorder: a case report.
Rawal VY, Gallardo M, Henderson K, Hall OT, Klisovic N, Sikic-Klisovic E. Rawal VY, et al. J Addict Dis. 2023 Dec 14:1-6. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2290139. Online ahead of print. J Addict Dis. 2023. PMID: 38095574
INTRODUCTION: Tianeptine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) without FDA-approval that acts on dopamine and norepinephrine. ...This can lead to clinical addiction with subsequent withdrawal symptoms resembling symptoms of opioid withdrawal. There are limited cases detailin …
INTRODUCTION: Tianeptine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) without FDA-approval that acts on dopamine and norepinephrine. ...This c …
Narrative Review: The FDA's Perfunctory Approach of Dietary Supplement Regulations Giving Rise to Copious Reports of Adverse Events.
Li W, Wertheimer A. Li W, et al. Innov Pharm. 2023 Oct 10;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.4989. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.4989. eCollection 2023. Innov Pharm. 2023. PMID: 38035313 Free PMC article. Review.
Products which showed highest prevalence in adverse event reports through the Food and Drug Administration CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) included but not limited to; Vitamin E (vitamin derivative), Beta-sitosterol (plant sterol) Yohimbine, Kava Kava Kratom, …
Products which showed highest prevalence in adverse event reports through the Food and Drug Administration CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting Sys …
Pharmacology and toxicology of kratom.
Pohanka M. Pohanka M. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2023;124(12):896-902. doi: 10.4149/BLL_2023_142. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2023. PMID: 37983284 Review.
The term kratom is commonly used for both Mitragyna speciosa and herbal products prepared mainly from leaves. ...Keywords: 7-hydroxymitragynine; alkaloid; anesthetics; antitussive; drug; mitragynine; Mitragyna speciosa; addictive substance; opioid rece …
The term kratom is commonly used for both Mitragyna speciosa and herbal products prepared mainly from leaves. ...Keywords: 7-h …
Cardiovascular health in kratom users; a narrative review.
Chichagi F, Alikhani R, Beigi Harchegani A. Chichagi F, et al. J Addict Dis. 2023 Nov 20:1-13. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2282033. Online ahead of print. J Addict Dis. 2023. PMID: 37982301 Review.
BACKGROUND: Kratom, also known as Mitragyna speciosa, is a plant that originates in Southeast Asia and possesses unique pharmacological characteristics. ...Mitragynine is a well-known active compound in kratom. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to provide a …
BACKGROUND: Kratom, also known as Mitragyna speciosa, is a plant that originates in Southeast Asia and possesses unique pharma …
A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds.
Hossain R, Sultana A, Nuinoon M, Noonong K, Tangpong J, Hossain KH, Rahman MA. Hossain R, et al. Molecules. 2023 Oct 31;28(21):7372. doi: 10.3390/molecules28217372. Molecules. 2023. PMID: 37959790 Free PMC article. Review.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In m …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the …
Microencapsulation of Mitragyna leaf extracts to be used as a bioactive compound source to enhance in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbial dynamics.
Matra M, Phupaboon S, Totakul P, Prommachart R, Shah AA, Shah AM, Wanapat M. Matra M, et al. Anim Biosci. 2024 Jan;37(1):74-83. doi: 10.5713/ab.23.0200. Epub 2023 Nov 1. Anim Biosci. 2024. PMID: 37946435 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVE: Mitragyna speciosa Korth is traditionally used in Thailand. They have a high level of antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds, the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and decrease methane production. The aim of the study was to investigate the differ …
OBJECTIVE: Mitragyna speciosa Korth is traditionally used in Thailand. They have a high level of antioxidant capacities and bioactive …
[Telemedicine, kratom and Autism Spectrum Disorder].
Mulert C. Mulert C. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2023 Nov;91(11):442-443. doi: 10.1055/a-2166-8620. Epub 2023 Nov 9. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2023. PMID: 37944551 German. No abstract available.
Kratom use and mental health: A systematic literature review and case example.
Bachu AK, Singal P, Griffin B, Harbaugh L, Prasad S, Jain L, Mohiuddin S, Papudesi BN, Nagi T, Youssef NA, Chopra A, Ahmed S. Bachu AK, et al. J Addict Dis. 2023 Nov 9:1-12. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2273192. Online ahead of print. J Addict Dis. 2023. PMID: 37942896 Review.
METHODS: An electronic search was performed using five major databases: including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. keywords such as kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, mania, psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, case repo …
METHODS: An electronic search was performed using five major databases: including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PsycIN …
Kratom Use Among Pregnant and Lactating Individuals With Substance Use Disorder.
Bowman J, Lai M, Charles JE, Gordon AJ, Smid MC. Bowman J, et al. J Addict Med. 2023 Nov-Dec 01;17(6):722-724. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001212. Epub 2023 Aug 22. J Addict Med. 2023. PMID: 37934544
OBJECTIVE: Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) use in pregnancy is associated with maternal and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. ...We collected participants' demographic and pregnancy characteristics. We assessed ever use of kratom, kratom use during pr …
OBJECTIVE: Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) use in pregnancy is associated with maternal and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. …
Mitragynine inhibits hippocampus neuroplasticity and its molecular mechanism.
Yunusa S, Hassan Z, Müller CP. Yunusa S, et al. Pharmacol Rep. 2023 Dec;75(6):1488-1501. doi: 10.1007/s43440-023-00541-w. Epub 2023 Nov 4. Pharmacol Rep. 2023. PMID: 37924443 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Mitragynine (MIT), the primary indole alkaloid of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), has been associated with addictive and cognitive decline potentials. ...
BACKGROUND: Mitragynine (MIT), the primary indole alkaloid of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), has been associated with add …
Study of metabolism and potential toxicity of nine synthetic opioid analogs using the zebrafish larvae model.
Murari M, Pesavento S, Greco F, Vettori A, Tagliaro F, Gottardo R. Murari M, et al. Drug Test Anal. 2023 Nov 2. doi: 10.1002/dta.3590. Online ahead of print. Drug Test Anal. 2023. PMID: 37916273
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity and metabolic pathways of some compounds belonging to these families, namely, AP-237, 2-methyl AP-237, isotonitazene, flunitazene, etodesnitazene, metonitazene, metodesnitazene, N-pyrrolidino etonitazene, and butoni …
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity and metabolic pathways of some compounds belonging to these families, namely, AP-2 …
IUPHAR themed review: Opioid efficacy, bias, and selectivity.
Ramos-Gonzalez N, Paul B, Majumdar S. Ramos-Gonzalez N, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2023 Nov;197:106961. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106961. Epub 2023 Oct 14. Pharmacol Res. 2023. PMID: 37844653 Free PMC article. Review.
[Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to kratom].
Leferink TM, van der Meer-Kappelle LH, Feberwee T. Leferink TM, et al. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2023 Sep 28;167:D7541. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2023. PMID: 37823888 Dutch.
BACKGROUND: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a herbal product obtained from the tropical tree family 'Rubiaceae'. ...CASE DESCRIPTION: In this case report we describe a term neonate with severe NAS as a result of daily Kratom ingestion by the mother during preg …
BACKGROUND: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a herbal product obtained from the tropical tree family 'Rubiaceae'. ...CASE DESCRI …
A case of fatal overdose involving both hydromorphone and kratom.
Shi T, Shea JL. Shi T, et al. J Forensic Sci. 2024 Jan;69(1):355-358. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15394. Epub 2023 Sep 27. J Forensic Sci. 2024. PMID: 37753815
The main active compound in kratom is mitragynine, an alkaloid with affinity for the mu-opioid receptor. ...Death was attributed to hydromorphone toxicity with mitragynine being a contributing factor....
The main active compound in kratom is mitragynine, an alkaloid with affinity for the mu-opioid receptor. ...Death was attribut …
Effect of Green and Red Thai Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) on pancreatic digestive enzymes (alpha-glucosidase and lipase) and acetyl-carboxylase 1 activity: A possible therapeutic target for obesity prevention.
Janthongkaw A, Klaophimai S, Khampaya T, Yimthiang S, Yang Y, Ma R, Bumyut A, Pouyfung P. Janthongkaw A, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Sep 21;18(9):e0291738. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291738. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 37733688 Free PMC article.
We analyzed Green Thai Kratom (GTK) and Red Thai Kratom (RTK) to investigate their effects on pancreatic digestive enzymes. ...Thus, GTK and RTK extracts, particularly mitragynine and quercetin, exhibit potential anti-obesity effects. We report the novel find …
We analyzed Green Thai Kratom (GTK) and Red Thai Kratom (RTK) to investigate their effects on pancreatic digestive enzymes. .. …
An in vitro evaluation of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) on the catalytic activity of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1).
Melchert PW, Zhang Q, Mukhopadhyay S, Kanumuri SRR, McCurdy CR, Markowitz JS. Melchert PW, et al. Chem Biol Interact. 2023 Oct 1;384:110715. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110715. Epub 2023 Sep 15. Chem Biol Interact. 2023. PMID: 37716419
Kratom, (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia whose leaves are cultivated for a variety of medicinal purposes and mostly consumed as powders or tea in the United States. ...Three separate kratom extracts and the major kratom …
Kratom, (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia whose leaves are cultivated for a variety of medic …
Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) Fermentation Supernatant Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.
Sornsenee P, Chimplee S, Romyasamit C. Sornsenee P, et al. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023 Sep 15. doi: 10.1007/s12602-023-10142-x. Online ahead of print. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023. PMID: 37713167
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves are commonly used to enhance endurance and treat various diseases. ...Nitric oxide and TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 expressions in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were also measured. Aqueous kratom extract exhibit …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves are commonly used to enhance endurance and treat various diseases. ...Nitric oxide and TNF- …
A Preliminary Inventory of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Products and Vendors on the Darknet and Cryptomarkets.
Prevete E, Catalani V, Singh D, Kuypers KPC, Theunissen EL, Townshend HD, Banayoti H, Ramaekers JG, Pasquini M, Corazza O. Prevete E, et al. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023 Sep 13:1-11. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2242361. Online ahead of print. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023. PMID: 37702482
In recent years, the online sale of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a Southeast Asian plant with both medicinal and psychoactive properties, has raised health concerns mainly due to the uncontrolled diffusion of adulterated kratom-related products. ...A total of …
In recent years, the online sale of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a Southeast Asian plant with both medicinal and psychoactive …
High-throughput quantification of emerging "nitazene" benzimidazole opioid analogs by microextraction and UHPLC-MS-MS.
Schüller M, Lucic I, Øiestad ÅML, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Øiestad EL. Schüller M, et al. J Anal Toxicol. 2023 Dec 12;47(9):787-796. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad071. J Anal Toxicol. 2023. PMID: 37700512 Free PMC article.
We here present a simple quantitative approach for the determination of nine nitazene analogs, namely, clonitazene, etodesnitazene, etonitazene, etonitazepyne, flunitazene, isotonitazene, metodesnitazene, metonitazene and protonitazene in whole blood using liquid-phase mic …
We here present a simple quantitative approach for the determination of nine nitazene analogs, namely, clonitazene, etodesnitazene, etonitaz …
A Pilot Study of the Striatal Dopamine Transporter Levels in Kratom-Dependent and Normal Subjects Using 99mTc-TRODAT-1 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography-Computed Tomography (SPECT-CT).
Zainudin NAB, Zulkifli NN, Abdul Hamid K, Hashim H, Mansor S. Zainudin NAB, et al. Cureus. 2023 Aug 10;15(8):e43251. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43251. eCollection 2023 Aug. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 37692587 Free PMC article.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 12 kratom-dependent subjects and 13 healthy men to participate in this study. ...There was a significant difference in the AI% of the caudate region between the kratom-dependent group and the normal group (33% vs. 14%, p = 0.019). …
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 12 kratom-dependent subjects and 13 healthy men to participate in this study. ...There was a sign …
Kratom availability in California vape shops.
Bowdring MA, Leas EC, Vishwakarma M, Schleicher NC, Prochaska JJ, Henriksen L. Bowdring MA, et al. Prev Med Rep. 2023 Aug 23;35:102380. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102380. eCollection 2023 Oct. Prev Med Rep. 2023. PMID: 37680858 Free PMC article.
The goal of this study was to examine kratom availability in vape shops across the state of California and assess shop compliance with a local kratom sales ban (enacted in 2016) in San Diego City. ...Kratom availability did not differ by nearness to colleges. …
The goal of this study was to examine kratom availability in vape shops across the state of California and assess shop compliance wit …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A Case Review of Use Before and During Pregnancy.
Faucher MA, Morillos S, Cordova P, McNeil-Santiel J, Onisko N, Adhikari EH, Nelson DB. Faucher MA, et al. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024 Jan-Feb;69(1):144-149. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13558. Epub 2023 Sep 7. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024. PMID: 37679866
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant-based substance with psychoactive properties similar to opioids but is not currently classified as an opioid. ...Kratom is a legal substance by federal law, although some states have banned its use. ...
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant-based substance with psychoactive properties similar to opioids but is not currently cl …
Tianeptine Affects the Improvement of Behavioral Defects, such as Schizophrenia, Caused by Maternal Immune Activation in the Mice Offspring.
Kwon JT, Jung K. Kwon JT, et al. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2023 Sep 5;23(3):157-66. doi: 10.2174/1871524923666230905142700. Online ahead of print. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2023. PMID: 37670703 Free PMC article.
Each group of MIA offspring was subjected to vehicle, clozapine, or tianeptine treatment. RESULTS: In prepulse inhibition (PPI) test, oral treatment with tianeptine ameliorated MIA-induced sensorimotor gating deficit. ...As a result, it was confirmed that the neurod …
Each group of MIA offspring was subjected to vehicle, clozapine, or tianeptine treatment. RESULTS: In prepulse inhibition (PPI) test, …
Mitragynine in the Orange County DUID population.
Kedzierski N, Mata D. Kedzierski N, et al. J Anal Toxicol. 2023 Nov 1;47(8):770-785. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad066. J Anal Toxicol. 2023. PMID: 37670456
In recent years, mitragynine has been consistently detected in driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. ...The concentration range for all mitragynine cases was 10.5-960 ng/mL, with a mean of 109 ng/mL and a median of 58 ng/mL. ...
In recent years, mitragynine has been consistently detected in driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. ...The concentration …
Serotonin Syndrome Precipitated by Paxlovid Initiation.
Nasser NG, Welsh C, Mitra A, Swan M. Nasser NG, et al. Cureus. 2023 Aug 3;15(8):e42898. doi: 10.7759/cureus.42898. eCollection 2023 Aug. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 37664331 Free PMC article.
A female in her early 40s taking buspirone, quetiapine, and daily kratom presented to the emergency department two days after starting a course of Paxlovid for a mild COVID-19 infection with diffuse tremors, ocular clonus, diaphoresis, and confusion consistent with seroton …
A female in her early 40s taking buspirone, quetiapine, and daily kratom presented to the emergency department two days after startin …
Alkoxy chain length governs the potency of 2-benzylbenzimidazole 'nitazene' opioids associated with human overdose.
Glatfelter GC, Vandeputte MM, Chen L, Walther D, Tsai MM, Shi L, Stove CP, Baumann MH. Glatfelter GC, et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Dec;240(12):2573-2584. doi: 10.1007/s00213-023-06451-2. Epub 2023 Sep 2. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023. PMID: 37658878
OBJECTIVES: Here, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of nitazene analogues with varying alkoxy chain lengths (i.e., metonitazene, etonitazene, isotonitazene, protonitazene, and butonitazene) as compared to reference opioids (i.e., morphine and fentanyl). ...
OBJECTIVES: Here, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of nitazene analogues with varying alkoxy chain lengths (i.e., metonitazene, …
The atypical antidepressant tianeptine confers neuroprotection against oxygen-glucose deprivation.
Ersoy B, Herzog ML, Pan W, Schilling S, Endres M, Göttert R, Kronenberg GD, Gertz K. Ersoy B, et al. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023 Sep 1. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01685-9. Online ahead of print. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023. PMID: 37653354
Here, we studied the effects of 24-h pretreatment with serotonin (5-HT), citalopram (CIT), fluoxetine (FLU), and tianeptine (TIA) on primary mouse cortical neurons subjected to transient OGD. 5-HT (50 muM) significantly enhanced neuron viability as measured by MTT assay an …
Here, we studied the effects of 24-h pretreatment with serotonin (5-HT), citalopram (CIT), fluoxetine (FLU), and tianeptine (TIA) on …
Naloxone Use in Novel Potent Opioid and Fentanyl Overdoses in Emergency Department Patients.
Amaducci A, Aldy K, Campleman SL, Li S, Meyn A, Abston S, Culbreth RE, Krotulski A, Logan B, Wax P, Brent J, Manini AF; Toxicology Investigators Consortium Fentalog Study Group. Amaducci A, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Aug 1;6(8):e2331264. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31264. JAMA Netw Open. 2023. PMID: 37642962 Free PMC article.
Patients were included in this analysis if their confirmatory testing was positive for an NPO analyte, such as brorphine, isotonitazene, metonitazene, and/or N-piperidinyl etonitazene. A comparison group included patients that were positive for fentanyl and devoid o …
Patients were included in this analysis if their confirmatory testing was positive for an NPO analyte, such as brorphine, isotonit …
Effects of mitragynine on viability, proliferation, and migration of C6 rat glioma, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma, and HT22 immortalized mouse hippocampal neuron cell lines.
Viwatpinyo K, Mukda S, Warinhomhoun S. Viwatpinyo K, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Oct;166:115364. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115364. Epub 2023 Aug 26. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023. PMID: 37639746 Free article.
Mitragynine (MG) is an indole alkaloid found in the extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth native to Southeast Asia. ...
Mitragynine (MG) is an indole alkaloid found in the extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth native to Southeast Asia. ...
Validation of an analytical method for quantitation of metonitazene and isotonitazene in plasma, blood, urine, liver and brain and application to authentic postmortem casework in New York City.
Pardi J, Ford S, Cooper G. Pardi J, et al. J Anal Toxicol. 2023 Nov 1;47(8):648-655. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad062. J Anal Toxicol. 2023. PMID: 37638699
A protein precipitation extraction procedure was developed and validated for metonitazene and isotonitazene using 50 muL of blood, serum, liver, brain and urine utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ...The developed method was applied to authentic casew …
A protein precipitation extraction procedure was developed and validated for metonitazene and isotonitazene using 50 muL of blood, se …
Kratom.
Jentsch MJ, Pippin MM. Jentsch MJ, et al. 2023 Aug 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. 2023 Aug 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 36256767 Free Books & Documents.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, typically consumed by tea or powder, with physiologic effects similar to opioids, as well as stimulants. There is an increasing prevalence of kratom use, raising concern for possible depende …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, typically consumed by tea or powder, with physiologic eff …
Survey of U.S. Residents and Their Usage of Electronic Cigarettes with Drugs Other Than Nicotine.
Holt AK, Rudy AK, Sawyer AN, Poklis JL, Breland AB, Peace MR. Holt AK, et al. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023 Aug 26:1-10. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2250353. Online ahead of print. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023. PMID: 37632360
Other DOTNs reported included herbal supplements, amphetamines, caffeine, kratom, vitamins, opiates, DMT, fentanyl, and ketamine. Combinations of DOTNs used in e-cigs and trends in poly-substance use were reported. ...
Other DOTNs reported included herbal supplements, amphetamines, caffeine, kratom, vitamins, opiates, DMT, fentanyl, and ketamine. Com …
The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 blocks the acquisition, but not expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.
Japarin RA, Harun N, Hassan Z, Müller CP. Japarin RA, et al. Behav Brain Res. 2023 Sep 13;453:114638. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114638. Epub 2023 Aug 22. Behav Brain Res. 2023. PMID: 37619769
Mitragynine (MG) is the primary active constituent of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom), a psychoactive Southeast Asian plant with potential therapeutic use. ...
Mitragynine (MG) is the primary active constituent of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom), a psychoactive Southeast Asian …
Widespread Distribution of Xylazine Detected Throughout the United States in Healthcare Patient Samples.
Holt AC, Schwope DM, Le K, Schrecker JP, Heltsley R. Holt AC, et al. J Addict Med. 2023 Jul-Aug 01;17(4):468-470. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001132. Epub 2023 Jan 6. J Addict Med. 2023. PMID: 37579111 Free PMC article.
The most common designer drugs detected included fentanyl analogs, isotonitazene, and designer benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS: Xylazine is geographically spread throughout the United States, indicative of a wide incorporation into the illicit drug supply. ...
The most common designer drugs detected included fentanyl analogs, isotonitazene, and designer benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS: Xylazine …
Traditional medicine consumption in postpartum for HBV-infected women enrolled in the ANRS 12345 TA PROHM study in Cambodia.
Moeung S, Chassagne F, Goyet S, Nhoeung S, Sun L, Yang D, Vilhem S, Dim B, Ly S, Sov L, Sreng V, Chorn S, Chhun S, Borand L, Kim S, Segeral O. Moeung S, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Aug 10;18(8):e0288389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288389. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 37561767 Free PMC article.
D.J.Middleton [Apocynaceae] (p = 0.022), Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring [Selaginellaceae] (p = 0.048), Mitragyna speciosa Korth. [Rubiaceae] (p = 0.099) and Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) ...
D.J.Middleton [Apocynaceae] (p = 0.022), Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring [Selaginellaceae] (p = 0.048), Mitragyna speciosa …
Enrichment analysis of phenotypic data for drug repurposing in rare diseases.
Ambesi-Impiombato A, Cox K, Ramboz S, Brunner D, Bansal M, Leahy E. Ambesi-Impiombato A, et al. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jul 25;14:1128562. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1128562. eCollection 2023. Front Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37560472 Free PMC article.
The in silico Drug-induced Behavioral Signature Analysis predictions were enriched for drugs known to be effective in the symptomatic treatment of Huntington's Disease, including bupropion, modafinil, methylphenidate, and several SSRIs, as well as the atypical antidepressant t …
The in silico Drug-induced Behavioral Signature Analysis predictions were enriched for drugs known to be effective in the symptomatic treatm …
The Great Imitator: A Case of Accidental Kratom Overdose.
Ahmed S, Tran QV, McLean M. Ahmed S, et al. Cureus. 2023 Aug 8;15(8):e43144. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43144. eCollection 2023 Aug. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 37560054 Free PMC article.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is an herb that is sold over the counter in both pill and liquid forms. ...This paper focuses on kratom overdose presentation and treatment....
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is an herb that is sold over the counter in both pill and liquid forms. ...This paper focuses on …
"Tianeptine abuse via novel, extended-release, star-shaped, drug delivery device".
Galust H, Seltzer JA, Hardin JR, Friedman NA, Minns A. Galust H, et al. Toxicol Rep. 2023 Aug 1;11:162-164. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.07.006. eCollection 2023 Dec. Toxicol Rep. 2023. PMID: 37559671 Free PMC article.
We report a rare domestic case of exposure to tianeptine and use of a novel, extended-release, six-armed, star-shaped, drug delivery capsule. ...He used an extended-release, six-armed, star-shaped, drug delivery device he purchased online, filling each arm with 15 mg of …
We report a rare domestic case of exposure to tianeptine and use of a novel, extended-release, six-armed, star-shaped, drug delivery …
Discovering Dynamic Plant Enzyme Complexes in Yeast for Kratom Alkaloid Pathway Identification.
Wu Y, Liu C, Koganitsky A, Gong FL, Li S. Wu Y, et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023 Sep 18;62(38):e202307995. doi: 10.1002/anie.202307995. Epub 2023 Aug 15. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023. PMID: 37549372
Combining this method with plant multiomics analysis, we discovered four enzyme complexes and their organized pathways from kratom, an alkaloid-producing plant. The four pathway branches involved six enzymes, including a strictosidine synthase, a strictosidine beta-D-gluco …
Combining this method with plant multiomics analysis, we discovered four enzyme complexes and their organized pathways from kratom, a …
Evaluation of toxicity profile of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) decoction in rats.
Hassan Z, Singh D, Suhaimi FW, Chear NJ, Harun N, See CP, Kaur G, Mat NH, Bakar SNS, Yusof NSM, Kasinather VB, Chawarski MC, Murugaiyah V, Ramanathan S. Hassan Z, et al. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2023 Sep;143:105466. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105466. Epub 2023 Aug 1. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37536550
Mitragyna speciosa Korth also known as kratom, is an herbal drug preparation for its therapeutic properties and opioid-replacement therapy. ...Mitragynine content was quantified in kratom decoction and used as a marker to determine the concentration. . …
Mitragyna speciosa Korth also known as kratom, is an herbal drug preparation for its therapeutic properties and opioid-replace …
Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2023 Update [Internet].
Chou R, Ahmed AY, Morasco BJ, Bougatsos C, Dana T, Fu R, Gilbreath T. Chou R, et al. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2023 Aug. Report No.: 23-EHC031. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2023 Aug. Report No.: 23-EHC031. PMID: 37847805 Free Books & Documents. Review.
Since the inception of this living review, from 5,228 total abstracts identified, 23 RCTs (N=2,035) and 10 observational studies (N=15,840) assessing different cannabinoids were included; no study evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 58 percent enrolled …
Since the inception of this living review, from 5,228 total abstracts identified, 23 RCTs (N=2,035) and 10 observational studies (N=15,840) …
Successful Management of Kratom Use Disorder With Buprenorphine and Naloxone.
Arhin M, Mobley J, Hamad H, Remick P. Arhin M, et al. Cureus. 2023 Jun 29;15(6):e41146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41146. eCollection 2023 Jun. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 37519540 Free PMC article.
Kratom is an unregulated herbal supplement that is growing in popularity in the United States. ...The patient had been using kratom for several years to self-medicate for his anxiety and depression and gradually developed a kratom addiction. ...
Kratom is an unregulated herbal supplement that is growing in popularity in the United States. ...The patient had been using krato …
Biosynthesis of kratom opioids.
Kim K, Shahsavarani M, Garza-García JJO, Carlisle JE, Guo J, De Luca V, Qu Y. Kim K, et al. New Phytol. 2023 Oct;240(2):757-769. doi: 10.1111/nph.19162. Epub 2023 Jul 30. New Phytol. 2023. PMID: 37518950
Mitragynine, an analgesic alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), offers a safer alternative to clinical opioids such as morphine, owing to its more favorable side effect profile. ...We embarked on a search for mitragynine biosynthetic gen …
Mitragynine, an analgesic alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), offers a safer alternative to clinical o …
Detection of fentanyl, synthetic opioids, and ketamine in hair specimens from purposive samples of American and Italian populations.
Salomone A, Galletto M, Massano M, Di Corcia D, Palamar JJ, Vincenti M. Salomone A, et al. J Forensic Sci. 2023 Sep;68(5):1698-1707. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15348. Epub 2023 Jul 28. J Forensic Sci. 2023. PMID: 37515395
In the 60 samples (83 segments in total) analyzed from a purposive sample of data collected in the US, fentanyl was detected in 14 cases (16.9%), with no detection of nitazens or brorphine. We also detected fentanyl metabolites, despropionyl-p-fluorofentanyl, and prescript …
In the 60 samples (83 segments in total) analyzed from a purposive sample of data collected in the US, fentanyl was detected in 14 cases (16 …
Examining the Psychoactive Differences between Kratom Strains.
Huisman G, Menke M, Grundmann O, Schreiber R, Mason N. Huisman G, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jul 21;20(14):6425. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20146425. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 37510657 Free PMC article.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a Southeast Asian plant containing various alkaloids that induce pharmacological effects in humans. ...Six hundred forty-four current kratom users were anonymously surveyed to compare the self-reported effects of and motivations …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a Southeast Asian plant containing various alkaloids that induce pharmacological effects in hum …
Kratom use disorder: case reports on successful treatment with home induction of buprenorphine-naloxone.
Kiyokawa M, Kwon AK, Cape MC, Streltzer JM. Kiyokawa M, et al. Fam Pract. 2023 Nov 23;40(4):596-598. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmad081. Fam Pract. 2023. PMID: 37499179
BACKGROUND: Kratom has been used for different reasons such as pain, opioid withdrawal, and relaxation. ...METHODS: We present 2 very similar kratom use disorder patients who reported taking 35 g of kratom per day who underwent unobserved buprenorphine-naloxo …
BACKGROUND: Kratom has been used for different reasons such as pain, opioid withdrawal, and relaxation. ...METHODS: We present 2 very …
Description of Kratom Exposure Events in Wisconsin as Reported to the Wisconsin Poison Center, January 1, 2010 to September 1, 2022.
DeJonge P, Gummin D, Titelbaum N, Meiman J. DeJonge P, et al. WMJ. 2023 Jul;122(3):187-190. WMJ. 2023. PMID: 37494649 Free article.
BACKGROUND: Consumption of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an herbal substance, can result in adverse health effects. ...METHODS: Using Wisconsin Poison Center data, we searched for and summarized all records associated with exposure to "kratom," "electronic del …
BACKGROUND: Consumption of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an herbal substance, can result in adverse health effects. ...METHODS: …
Assessment of the potential of novel and classical opioids to induce respiratory depression in mice.
Hill R, Sanchez J, Lemel L, Antonijevic M, Hosking Y, Mistry SN, Kruegel AC, Javitch JA, Lane JR, Canals M. Hill R, et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2023 Dec;180(24):3160-3174. doi: 10.1111/bph.16199. Epub 2023 Aug 22. Br J Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37489013 Free PMC article.
Anti-nociception was measured using the hot plate test. Morphine, oliceridine and tianeptine were administered intraperitoneally, whereas methadone, oxycodone and SR-17018 were administered orally. ...When administered at doses that induced similar respiratory depression, …
Anti-nociception was measured using the hot plate test. Morphine, oliceridine and tianeptine were administered intraperitoneally, whe …
From Antidepressant Tianeptine to Street Drug ZaZa: A Narrative Review.
Wagner ML, Pergolizzi J Jr, LeQuang JAK, Breve F, Varrassi G. Wagner ML, et al. Cureus. 2023 Jun 20;15(6):e40688. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40688. eCollection 2023 Jun. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 37485121 Free PMC article. Review.
Social media has peer-support sites for those trying to discontinue tianeptine. Tianeptine is associated with multiple side effects at high doses along with dependence, withdrawal symptoms, toxicity, respiratory depression, and even mortality. ...Few clinicians are …
Social media has peer-support sites for those trying to discontinue tianeptine. Tianeptine is associated with multiple side ef …
Tianeptine promotes lasting antiallodynic effects in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.
Serafini RA, Estill M, Pekarskaya EA, Sakloth F, Shen L, Javitch JA, Zachariou V. Serafini RA, et al. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023 Oct;48(11):1680-1689. doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01645-w. Epub 2023 Jul 20. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023. PMID: 37474762
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as desipramine (DMI), are effective at managing neuropathic pain symptoms but often take several weeks to become effective and also lead to considerable side effects. Tianeptine (TIAN) is an atypical antidepressant that activates the …
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as desipramine (DMI), are effective at managing neuropathic pain symptoms but often take several week …
Kratom Alkaloids, Cannabinoids, and Chronic Pain: Basis of Potential Utility and Role in Therapy.
Farkas DJ, Cooper ZD, Heydari LN, Hughes AC, Rawls SM, Ward SJ. Farkas DJ, et al. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023 Jul 19. doi: 10.1089/can.2023.0064. Online ahead of print. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023. PMID: 37466474
Data collection was performed using the PubMed electronic database. The following word combinations were used: kratom and cannabis, kratom and pain, cannabis and pain, kratom and chronic pain, and cannabis and chronic pain. Results: Epidemiological evidence r …
Data collection was performed using the PubMed electronic database. The following word combinations were used: kratom and cannabis, …
Tianeptine, an Antidepressant with Opioid Agonist Effects: Pharmacology and Abuse Potential, a Narrative Review.
Edinoff AN, Sall S, Beckman SP, Koepnick AD, Gold LC, Jackson ED, Wenger DM, Cornett EM, Murnane KS, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Edinoff AN, et al. Pain Ther. 2023 Oct;12(5):1121-1134. doi: 10.1007/s40122-023-00539-5. Epub 2023 Jul 15. Pain Ther. 2023. PMID: 37453966 Free PMC article. Review.
Tianeptine is an antidepressant drug approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder in countries other than the US. ...Despite its lack of approval by the FDA, tianeptine has been distributed online and at small retail locations. ...
Tianeptine is an antidepressant drug approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder in countries other than the US. ...Despi …
Precipitated withdrawal with kratom use following naltrexone administration.
Jarka C, Gregoire K. Jarka C, et al. Ment Health Clin. 2023 Jun 28;13(3):155-158. doi: 10.9740/mhc.2023.06.155. eCollection 2023 Jun. Ment Health Clin. 2023. PMID: 37448827 Free PMC article.
Kratom is an herbal supplement with reports of use for natural pain relief or treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Kratom has metabolites that bind to and agonize mu-opioid receptors similar to opiate medications. ...
Kratom is an herbal supplement with reports of use for natural pain relief or treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Kratom …
Fentanyl and other New Psychoactive Synthetic Opioids. Challenges to Prevention and Treatment.
Albores-García D, Cruz SL. Albores-García D, et al. Rev Invest Clin. 2023;75(3):93-104. doi: 10.24875/RIC.23000109. Rev Invest Clin. 2023. PMID: 37441771 Free article. Review.
We also provide essential information on non-medical fentanyl analogs and other synthetic opioids such as brorphine, etonitazene, and MT-45, used as adulterants in commonly misused drugs. ...
We also provide essential information on non-medical fentanyl analogs and other synthetic opioids such as brorphine, etonitazene, and …
Non-fentanyl new synthetic opioids - An update.
Zawilska JB, Adamowicz P, Kurpeta M, Wojcieszak J. Zawilska JB, et al. Forensic Sci Int. 2023 Aug;349:111775. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111775. Epub 2023 Jun 28. Forensic Sci Int. 2023. PMID: 37423031 Review.
RESULTS: Non-fentanyl derived synthetic opioids, i.e., 2-benzylbenzimidazoles (nitazenes), brorphine, U-compounds, AH-7921, MT-45 and related compounds are characterized, describing them in terms of available forms, pharmacology, metabolism as well as their toxic effects. …
RESULTS: Non-fentanyl derived synthetic opioids, i.e., 2-benzylbenzimidazoles (nitazenes), brorphine, U-compounds, AH-7921, MT-45 and …
Quantification of the benzimidazole opioid analog isotonitazene in human hair using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Zhao K, Dai Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Gu J, Bai H, Wurita A, Hasegawa K. Zhao K, et al. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2023 Sep;64:102295. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102295. Epub 2023 Jul 4. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2023. PMID: 37418781
Isotonitazene concentrations in the seized hair averaged 6.11 pg/mg. ...As for matrix effect in hair samples, moderate ion suppression of target substances could be found. This is the first report for the analysis of isotonitazene in human hair samples....
Isotonitazene concentrations in the seized hair averaged 6.11 pg/mg. ...As for matrix effect in hair samples, moderate ion suppressio …
Plasma concentrations of phenibut and mitragynine in a single patient.
Rianprakaisang TN, Moss MJ, Gerona R, Hendrickson RG. Rianprakaisang TN, et al. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023 Jul;61(7):561-562. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2227996. Epub 2023 Jul 7. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023. PMID: 37417309 No abstract available.
Mu-opioid receptor selective superagonists produce prolonged respiratory depression.
Malcolm NJ, Palkovic B, Sprague DJ, Calkins MM, Lanham JK, Halberstadt AL, Stucke AG, McCorvy JD. Malcolm NJ, et al. iScience. 2023 Jun 13;26(7):107121. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107121. eCollection 2023 Jul 21. iScience. 2023. PMID: 37416459 Free PMC article.
Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system, we investigate GPCR-signaling profiles by synthetic nitazenes, which are known to cause overdose and death due to respiratory depression. We show that isotonitazene and its metabolite, N-desethyl isotonita …
Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system, we investigate GPCR-signaling profiles by synthetic nitazenes, which are kn …
Kratom withdrawal: Discussions and conclusions of a scientific expert forum.
Henningfield JE, Chawarski MC, Garcia-Romeu A, Grundmann O, Harun N, Hassan Z, McCurdy CR, McMahon LR, Sharma A, Shoaib M, Singh D, Smith KE, Swogger MT, Vicknasingam B, Walsh Z, Wang DW, Huestis MA. Henningfield JE, et al. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2023 Mar 15;7:100142. doi: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100142. eCollection 2023 Jun. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2023. PMID: 37397437 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Cannabinoid mechanisms contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of the kratom alkaloid mitragynine against neuropathic, but not inflammatory pain.
Farkas DJ, Inan S, Heydari LN, Johnson CT, Zhao P, Bradshaw HB, Ward SJ, Rawls SM. Farkas DJ, et al. Life Sci. 2023 Sep 1;328:121878. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121878. Epub 2023 Jun 29. Life Sci. 2023. PMID: 37392779
AIMS: Mitragynine (MG) is an alkaloid found in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a plant used to self-treat symptoms of opioid withdrawal and pain. Kratom products are commonly used in combination with cannabis, with the self-treatment of pain being a prima …
AIMS: Mitragynine (MG) is an alkaloid found in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a plant used to self-treat symptoms of opio …
Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2022 Update—Surveillance Report 4: Literature Update Period: Late January 2023 Through Mid-April 2023.
Chou R, Ahmed AY, Bougatsos C, Morasco BJ, Dana T, Gilbreath T, Fu R. Chou R, et al. 2023 Jul. In: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: Interim Progress and Surveillance Reports [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec–. 2023 Jul. In: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: Interim Progress and Surveillance Reports [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec–. PMID: 37769055 Free Books & Documents. Review.
The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic or subacute pain, and addresses concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. ...
The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom …
Role of efficacy as a determinant of locomotor activation by mu-opioid receptor (MOR) ligands in female and male mice. II. Effects of novel MOR-selective phenylmorphans with high-to-low MOR efficacy.
Santos EJ, Nassehi N, Bow EW, Chambers DR, Gutman ES, Jacobson AE, Lutz JA, Marsh SA, Rice KC, Sulima A, Selley DE, Negus SS. Santos EJ, et al. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2023 Aug;11(4):e01111. doi: 10.1002/prp2.1111. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2023. PMID: 37381112 Free PMC article.
The high-efficacy MOR agonist and clinically effective antidepressant tianeptine was included as a comparator. In binding studies, all phenylmorphans showed improved MOR selectivity relative to existing lower-efficacy MOR agonists. ...In locomotor studies, the compounds ag …
The high-efficacy MOR agonist and clinically effective antidepressant tianeptine was included as a comparator. In binding studies, al …
Correlations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) tea bag preparations and reported pharmacological effects.
Grundmann O, Hill K, Al Barzanji E, Hazrat NG, Kaur G, Negeve RE, Shade S, Weber S, Veltri CA. Grundmann O, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Dec 5;317:116779. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116779. Epub 2023 Jun 24. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37364801
AIM OF THE STUDY: A specific kratom tea bag product was analyzed for mitragynine content using tea infusion preparation and methanolic extraction. ...CONCLUSIONS: Traditional tea infusions of Mitragyna speciosa dried leaves provide benefits to consumers despi …
AIM OF THE STUDY: A specific kratom tea bag product was analyzed for mitragynine content using tea infusion preparation and me …
Kratom use disorder and unfolded protein response: Evaluating their relationship in a case control study.
Yang B, Tan ML, Zhang R, Singh D, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI. Yang B, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Jun 23;18(6):e0287466. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287466. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 37352311 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is widely use worldwide despite its addictive potential. ...While participants who used kratom were also administered a kratom use characteristics questionnaire. ...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is widely use worldwide despite its addictive potential. ...While part …
Total Synthesis and Structural Plasticity of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites.
Angyal P, Hegedüs K, Mészáros BB, Daru J, Dudás Á, Galambos AR, Essmat N, Al-Khrasani M, Varga S, Soós T. Angyal P, et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023 Aug 28;62(35):e202303700. doi: 10.1002/anie.202303700. Epub 2023 Jul 18. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023. PMID: 37332089
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a kratom metabolite, has attracted increasing attention due to its favorable side effect profile as compared to conventional opioids. ...Accordingly, these synthetic, structural, and biological studies provide a basis for the planned desig …
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a kratom metabolite, has attracted increasing attention due to its favorable side effect profile as …
Associations Between Kratom-Related State Policy Environments and Kratom Use in a Nationally Representative Population in the United States.
Ellis MS, Buttram ME, Forber A, Black JC. Ellis MS, et al. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023 Jun 12:1-9. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2223622. Online ahead of print. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023. PMID: 37306164
Limited research has resulted in conflicting views on the risks versus benefits associated with kratom use. Despite no federal policy in the United States, individual states have implemented diverging policies through kratom bans, and legalization and regulation thr …
Limited research has resulted in conflicting views on the risks versus benefits associated with kratom use. Despite no federal policy …
Chronic tianeptine induces tolerance in analgesia and hyperlocomotion via mu-opioid receptor activation in mice.
Allain F, Ehrlich AT, McNicholas M, Gross F, Ma W, Kieffer BL, Darcq E. Allain F, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2023 May 23;14:1186397. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1186397. eCollection 2023. Front Psychiatry. 2023. PMID: 37287667 Free PMC article.
Furthermore, we found that the MOR is necessary for tianeptine's analgesic (tail immersion and hot plate), locomotor, and rewarding (conditioned place preference) effects. ...DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that tianeptine's opioid-like effects requ …
Furthermore, we found that the MOR is necessary for tianeptine's analgesic (tail immersion and hot plate), locomotor, and rewa …
Translating Kratom-Drug Interactions: From Bedside to Bench and Back.
Tanna RS, Cech NB, Oberlies NH, Rettie AE, Thummel KE, Paine MF. Tanna RS, et al. Drug Metab Dispos. 2023 Aug;51(8):923-935. doi: 10.1124/dmd.122.001005. Epub 2023 Jun 7. Drug Metab Dispos. 2023. PMID: 37286363 Free PMC article. Review.
Kratom alkaloids, typically mitragynine, have been detected in biologic samples from overdose deaths. ...The legal status, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and drug interaction potential of kratom are reviewed. Kratom-associated polyintoxications a …
Kratom alkaloids, typically mitragynine, have been detected in biologic samples from overdose deaths. ...The legal status, che …
Ventricular Arrhythmias Associated With Over-the-Counter and Recreational Opioids.
Krantz MJ, Rudo TJ, Haigney MCP, Stockbridge N, Kleiman RB, Klein M, Kao DP. Krantz MJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Jun 13;81(23):2258-2268. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.009. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023. PMID: 37286256 Free article.
Consequently, the over-the-counter opioids loperamide (Imodium A-D) and mitragynine, the herbal ingredient in kratom, are increasingly used to avert withdrawal or induce euphoria. ...Signals were similar in CVAR and CAERS. CONCLUSIONS: The nonprescription drugs lope …
Consequently, the over-the-counter opioids loperamide (Imodium A-D) and mitragynine, the herbal ingredient in kratom, are incr …
Comparative neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl opioids that are appearing on recreational drug markets worldwide.
Vandeputte MM, Tsai MM, Chen L, Glatfelter GC, Walther D, Stove CP, Shi L, Baumann MH. Vandeputte MM, et al. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023 Aug 1;249:109939. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109939. Epub 2023 May 23. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023. PMID: 37276825
METHODS: Here, we examined the neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl NSOs, including U-47700, isotonitazene, brorphine, and N-desethyl isotonitazene, as compared to morphine and fentanyl. ...
METHODS: Here, we examined the neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl NSOs, including U-47700, isotonitazene, bro …
Nursing Implications for Tianeptine Use and Misuse.
Hargett JL, Lowry PF, Lee KN. Hargett JL, et al. J Addict Nurs. 2023 Apr-Jun 01;34(2):158-161. doi: 10.1097/JAN.0000000000000535. J Addict Nurs. 2023. PMID: 37276205
In recent years, illicit use and misuse of tianeptine have become increasingly common. Symptoms caused by illicit use and withdrawal from tianeptine have become an emerging public health concern. ...Nurses should also support efforts to control access to products co …
In recent years, illicit use and misuse of tianeptine have become increasingly common. Symptoms caused by illicit use and withdrawal …
UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS identification and anthelmintic activity of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae).
Toklo PM, Alowanou GG, Wouamba SCN, Assogba FM, Ahomadegbe MA, Sakirigui A, Lenta BN, Hounzangbe-Adote S, Kouam SF, Yayi-Ladekan EC, Gbenou JD. Toklo PM, et al. Heliyon. 2023 May 24;9(6):e16448. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16448. eCollection 2023 Jun. Heliyon. 2023. PMID: 37274656 Free PMC article.
Medicinal plants attract the attention of many researchers to find natural and safe remedies for various resistant diseases. Leaves of Mitragyna inermis are widely used in traditional veterinary medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal strongyles of small ruminants. …
Medicinal plants attract the attention of many researchers to find natural and safe remedies for various resistant diseases. Leaves of Mi …
The Health Impact of Long-Term Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Use in Southern Thailand.
Saingam D, Singh D, Geater AF, Assanangkornchai S, Jitpiboon W, Latkin C. Saingam D, et al. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(10):1212-1225. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2215301. Epub 2023 Jun 3. Subst Use Misuse. 2023. PMID: 37270449
BACKGROUND: Mitragyna speciosa or Kratom has been used in Thailand traditionally for its medicinal value. ...Those with high kratom dependence scores were more likely to experience intense withdrawal symptoms, which developed 1-12 h after the last kratom …
BACKGROUND: Mitragyna speciosa or Kratom has been used in Thailand traditionally for its medicinal value. ...Those with high …
Kratom's Emergence and Persistence Within the US Polydrug Epidemic.
Smith KE, Rogers JM, Feldman JD. Smith KE, et al. Curr Addict Rep. 2023;10(2):262-271. doi: 10.1007/s40429-023-00476-5. Epub 2023 Apr 18. Curr Addict Rep. 2023. PMID: 37266191 Free PMC article. Review.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Use of "kratom" products, derived from the bioactive botanical Mitragyna speciosa have increased amidst US polydrug use epidemics. ...The paucity of data highlights the urgent need to increase funding and research for understanding kratom' …
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Use of "kratom" products, derived from the bioactive botanical Mitragyna speciosa have increased amidst US …
Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review.
Prevete E, Kuypers KPC, Theunissen EL, Esposito G, Ramaekers JG, Pasquini M, Corazza O. Prevete E, et al. Curr Addict Rep. 2023;10(2):317-334. doi: 10.1007/s40429-023-00478-3. Epub 2023 May 12. Curr Addict Rep. 2023. PMID: 37266188 Free PMC article. Review.
A randomized controlled trial has further supported kratom's therapeutic value as an analgesic. Investigations in nonclinical samples of long-term kratom users also indicate its therapeutic benefit in managing SUD symptoms (e.g., craving) and long-term or acu …
A randomized controlled trial has further supported kratom's therapeutic value as an analgesic. Investigations in nonclinical …
Kratom: The analytical challenge of an emerging herbal drug.
Citti C, Laganà A, Capriotti AL, Montone CM, Cannazza G. Citti C, et al. J Chromatogr A. 2023 Aug 16;1703:464094. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464094. Epub 2023 May 26. J Chromatogr A. 2023. PMID: 37262932 Free article. Review.
Mitragyna speciosa or kratom is emerging worldwide as a "legal" herbal drug of abuse. ...Hyphenated techniques are generally preferred for the identification and quantification of these compounds, especially the main purported psychoactive substances, mitragynine …
Mitragyna speciosa or kratom is emerging worldwide as a "legal" herbal drug of abuse. ...Hyphenated techniques are generally p …
Cannabidiol and mitragynine exhibit differential interactive effects in the attenuation of paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia, acute antinociception, and schedule-controlled responding in mice.
Ortiz YT, Bilbrey JA, Felix JS, Kienegger EA, Mottinelli M, Mukhopadhyay S, McCurdy CR, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL. Ortiz YT, et al. Pharmacol Rep. 2023 Aug;75(4):937-950. doi: 10.1007/s43440-023-00498-w. Epub 2023 May 27. Pharmacol Rep. 2023. PMID: 37243887
BACKGROUND: For many chemotherapy patients peripheral neuropathy is a debilitating side effect. Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) contains the alkaloid mitragynine (MG), which produces analgesia in multiple preclinical pain models. In humans, anecdotal reports sugg …
BACKGROUND: For many chemotherapy patients peripheral neuropathy is a debilitating side effect. Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) co …
Examining the paradoxical effects of kratom: a narrative inquiry.
Smith KE, Feldman JD, Dunn KE, McCurdy CR, Weiss ST, Grundmann O, Garcia-Romeu A, Nichels J, Epstein DH. Smith KE, et al. Front Pharmacol. 2023 May 5;14:1174139. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1174139. eCollection 2023. Front Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37214465 Free PMC article.
Until there are controlled studies of the pharmacology and subjective effects of kratom alkaloids in humans, one of the best sources of insight on kratom-product use remains qualitative data with nuanced descriptions of kratom effects from those who use it re …
Until there are controlled studies of the pharmacology and subjective effects of kratom alkaloids in humans, one of the best sources …
Novel methods for the remote investigation of emerging substances: Application to kratom.
Smith KE, Feldman JD, Dunn KE, McCurdy CR, Grundmann O, Garcia-Romeu A, Panlilio LV, Rogers JM, Sharma A, Pont-Fernandez S, Kheyfets M, Epstein DH. Smith KE, et al. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024 Apr;32(2):215-227. doi: 10.1037/pha0000656. Epub 2023 May 22. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024. PMID: 37213182
The botanical product commonly called "kratom" is still relatively novel to the United States. Like other natural products marketed as supplements, kratom is highly variable, both in terms of the alkaloids naturally occurring in kratom leaves and in terms of …
The botanical product commonly called "kratom" is still relatively novel to the United States. Like other natural products marketed a …
Psychoactive plant derivatives (ayahuasca, ibogaine, kratom) and their application in opioid withdrawal and use disorder - a narrative review.
Arenson A, Campbell CI, Remler I. Arenson A, et al. J Addict Dis. 2023 May 18:1-11. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2195777. Online ahead of print. J Addict Dis. 2023. PMID: 37199191
This narrative review aims to educate clinicians on the mechanisms of action, toxicity, and applications of psychoactive plant-based substances patients may be using to self-treat OUD and OW. We specifically discuss ayahuasca, ibogaine, and kratom as they have the most evi …
This narrative review aims to educate clinicians on the mechanisms of action, toxicity, and applications of psychoactive plant-based substan …
Three years of wastewater surveillance for new psychoactive substances from 16 countries.
Bade R, Rousis N, Adhikari S, Baduel C, Bijlsma L, Bizani E, Boogaerts T, Burgard DA, Castiglioni S, Chappell A, Covaci A, Driver EM, Sodre FF, Fatta-Kassinos D, Galani A, Gerber C, Gracia-Lor E, Gracia-Marín E, Halden RU, Heath E, Hernandez F, Jaunay E, Lai FY, Lee HJ, Laimou-Geraniou M, Oh JE, Olafsdottir K, Phung K, Castro MP, Psichoudaki M, Shao X, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Feitosa RS, Gomes CS, Subedi B, Löve ASC, Thomaidis N, Tran D, van Nuijs A, Verovšek T, Wang D, White JM, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Mueller JF. Bade R, et al. Water Res X. 2023 Apr 6;19:100179. doi: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100179. eCollection 2023 May 1. Water Res X. 2023. PMID: 37143710 Free PMC article.
Furthermore, two ketamine analogues, one plant based NPS (mitragynine) and methiopropamine were also quantified across the three years. This work demonstrates that NPS are used across different continents and countries with the use of some more evident in particular region …
Furthermore, two ketamine analogues, one plant based NPS (mitragynine) and methiopropamine were also quantified across the three year …
Kratom-induced acute liver injury: A case study and the importance of herbal supplement regulation.
Roma K, Mohammed S, Sieck B, Naik K, Wahid S. Roma K, et al. J Hepatol. 2023 Aug;79(2):581-584. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.026. Epub 2023 Apr 28. J Hepatol. 2023. PMID: 37121435 Free article.
Alternative medicine supplements have become the second most common cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in the US. Kratom is a herbal supplement that is popular for its psychotropic and opioid-like activity. ...Herein, we aim to increase healthcare provider and publi …
Alternative medicine supplements have become the second most common cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in the US. Kratom is a …
Postmortem Mitragynine Distribution in a Single Drug Fatality Case.
Mata DC, Chang HH. Mata DC, et al. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2023 Mar;13(1):34-40. doi: 10.1177/19253621231160417. Epub 2023 Mar 30. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2023. PMID: 37091196 Free PMC article.
The toxicology examination of blood and tissues using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detected only mitragynine in the central blood (7.5 mg/L), peripheral blood (3.3 mg/L), liver (42.2 mg/kg), and gastric contents (33.1 mg). ...To the authors' knowledge, th …
The toxicology examination of blood and tissues using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detected only mitragynine in the …
Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) leaf extract in type 2 diabetic rats.
Zhang P, Wei W, Zhang X, Wen C, Ovatlarnporn C, Olatunji OJ. Zhang P, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Jun;162:114689. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114689. Epub 2023 Apr 13. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023. PMID: 37058820 Free article.
Mitragyna speciosa is a medicinal plant with a reputation for treating pains, diabetes as well as increasing energy and sexual desires. ...
Mitragyna speciosa is a medicinal plant with a reputation for treating pains, diabetes as well as increasing energy and sexual desire …
Kratom-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
Chinnappan J, Navari Y, Casini D, Palanisamy N, Parikh N, Seedahmed E. Chinnappan J, et al. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2023 Mar 29;10(4):003835. doi: 10.12890/2023_003835. eCollection 2023. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2023. PMID: 37051477 Free PMC article.
The alkaloid derivatives of Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, pose a threat to society due to its potential for abuse, adverse reactions and tendency to be used as self-medication for opioid withdrawal, pain and mood disorders. ...This case highlights ye …
The alkaloid derivatives of Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, pose a threat to society due to its potential for ab …
Evaluating health information provided to kratom consumers by good manufacturing practice-qualified vendors.
Hill K, Gibson S, Grundmann O, Smith KE, Ballard J, Stanciu CN. Hill K, et al. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2023 Apr 11;18(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13011-023-00531-4. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2023. PMID: 37041624 Free PMC article.
On average, vendors scored poorly on the DISCERN section pertaining to the quality of the health information provided. Information on kratom's potential risks and benefits was particularly insufficient. ...Further, consumers should be made aware of current knowledge …
On average, vendors scored poorly on the DISCERN section pertaining to the quality of the health information provided. Information on kra …
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Consequences of Cytochrome P450 3A Inhibition on Mitragynine Metabolism in Rats.
Kamble SH, Obeng S, León F, Restrepo LF, King TI, Berthold EC, Kanumuri SRR, Gamez-Jimenez LR, Pallares VLC, Patel A, Ho NP, Hampson A, McCurdy CR, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL, Sharma A, Hiranita T. Kamble SH, et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2023 Jun;385(3):180-192. doi: 10.1124/jpet.122.001525. Epub 2023 Apr 5. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2023. PMID: 37019472 Free PMC article.
Mitragynine, an opioidergic alkaloid present in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) to 7-hydroxymitragynine, a more potent opioid receptor agonist. ...SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mitragynine is an abundant kratom …
Mitragynine, an opioidergic alkaloid present in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3 …
ANet: Autoencoder-Based Local Field Potential Feature Extractor for Evaluating an Antidepressant Effect in Mice After Administering Kratom Leaf Extracts.
Nukitram J, Saengmolee W, Chaisaen R, Autthasan P, Sengnon N, Wungsintaweekul J, Cheaha D, Kumarnsit E, Sudhawiyangkul T, Wilaiprasitporn T. Nukitram J, et al. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2023 Jan 4;PP. doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2023.3234280. Online ahead of print. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2023. PMID: 37018242
Kratom (KT) typically exerts antidepressant (AD) effects. However, evaluating which form of KT extracts possesses AD properties similar to the standard AD fluoxetine (flu) remained challenging. ...In summary, the outcomes of this research might help therapeutic design devi …
Kratom (KT) typically exerts antidepressant (AD) effects. However, evaluating which form of KT extracts possesses AD properties simil …
Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2022 Update—Surveillance Report 3: Literature Update Period: Mid-October 2022 Through Late January 2023.
Chou R, Ahmed AY, Bougatsos C, Morasco BJ, Dana T, Gilbreath T, Fu R. Chou R, et al. 2023 Apr. In: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: Interim Progress and Surveillance Reports [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec–. 2023 Apr. In: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: Interim Progress and Surveillance Reports [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec–. PMID: 37769057 Free Books & Documents. Review.
The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic or subacute pain, and addresses concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. ...
The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom …
Kratom (M. speciosa) exposure during adolescence caused long-lasting cognitive behavioural deficits associated with perturbated brain metabolism pathways in adult rats.
Suhaimi FW, Zul Aznal AN, Mohamad Nor Hazalin NA, Teh LK, Hassan Z, Salleh MZ. Suhaimi FW, et al. Behav Brain Res. 2023 May 28;446:114411. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114411. Epub 2023 Mar 28. Behav Brain Res. 2023. PMID: 36997094
Kratom (M. speciosa Korth) is an herbal plant native to Southeast Asia. ...Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of mitragynine, the main alkaloid and lyophilized kratom decoction (LKD) exposure during adolescence on cognitiv …
Kratom (M. speciosa Korth) is an herbal plant native to Southeast Asia. ...Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the long …
Changes in the Point-of-Sale Among Vape Shops in Six U.S. Metropolitan Areas Over Time, 2018-2021.
Berg CJ, Romm KF, Barker DC, Schleicher N, Johnson TO, Wang Y, Sussman S, Henriksen L. Berg CJ, et al. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023 Jun 9;25(7):1369-1377. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntad046. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023. PMID: 36951602 Free PMC article.
In 2021, many sold THC (12.6% e-liquids, 62.2% other products) and kratom (40.3%). CONCLUSIONS: With increasing restrictions (eg, on flavors, sampling, and T21), fewer shops sold their own e-liquid brands or accommodated onsite use/sampling, but fewer also posted minimum-a …
In 2021, many sold THC (12.6% e-liquids, 62.2% other products) and kratom (40.3%). CONCLUSIONS: With increasing restrictions (eg, on …
An update on potential pharmacotherapies for cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder.
Johnson DE, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB, Rosenblat JD. Johnson DE, et al. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023 Apr;24(5):641-654. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2194488. Epub 2023 Mar 24. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023. PMID: 36946229 Review.
Traditional treatments, such as lithium, anticonvulsants (lamotrigine), antipsychotics (aripiprazole, asenapine, cariprazine, lurasidone, and olanzapine), antidepressants (vortioxetine, fluoxetine, and tianeptine) and psychostimulants (modafinil), and emerging intervention …
Traditional treatments, such as lithium, anticonvulsants (lamotrigine), antipsychotics (aripiprazole, asenapine, cariprazine, lurasidone, an …
Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals alkaloid repertoires in young and mature Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Leaves.
Veeramohan R, Zamani AI, Azizan KA, Goh HH, Aizat WM, Razak MFA, Yusof NSM, Mansor SM, Baharum SN, Ng CL. Veeramohan R, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 21;18(3):e0283147. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283147. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 36943850 Free PMC article.
The fresh leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. have been traditionally consumed for centuries in Southeast Asia for its healing properties. ...
The fresh leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. have been traditionally consumed for centuries in Southeast Asia for its heali …
Developing a Knowledge Graph for Pharmacokinetic Natural Product-Drug Interactions.
Taneja SB, Callahan TJ, Paine MF, Kane-Gill SL, Kilicoglu H, Joachimiak MP, Boyce RD. Taneja SB, et al. J Biomed Inform. 2023 Apr;140:104341. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104341. Epub 2023 Mar 17. J Biomed Inform. 2023. PMID: 36933632 Free PMC article.
Evaluation of NP-KG resulted in congruent (38.98% for green tea, 50% for kratom), contradictory (15.25% for green tea, 21.43% for kratom), and both congruent and contradictory (15.25% for green tea, 21.43% for kratom) information compared to ground truth data …
Evaluation of NP-KG resulted in congruent (38.98% for green tea, 50% for kratom), contradictory (15.25% for green tea, 21.43% for …
Clinical Assessment of the Drug Interaction Potential of the Psychotropic Natural Product Kratom.
Tanna RS, Nguyen JT, Hadi DL, Layton ME, White JR, Cech NB, Oberlies NH, Rettie AE, Thummel KE, Paine MF. Tanna RS, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023 Jun;113(6):1315-1325. doi: 10.1002/cpt.2891. Epub 2023 Mar 28. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023. PMID: 36924284 Free PMC article.
Oral formulations prepared from the leaves of the kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) plant are increasingly used for their opioid-like effects to self-manage opioid withdrawal and pain. Calls to US poison centers involving kratom exposures increased >50-fold from …
Oral formulations prepared from the leaves of the kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) plant are increasingly used for their opioid-lik …
Metabolite and Molecular Characterization of Mitragyna speciosa Identifies Developmental and Genotypic Effects on Monoterpene Indole and Oxindole Alkaloid Composition.
Laforest LC, Kuntz MA, Kanumuri SRR, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma A, O'Connor SE, McCurdy CR, Nadakuduti SS. Laforest LC, et al. J Nat Prod. 2023 Apr 28;86(4):1042-1052. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00092. Epub 2023 Mar 13. J Nat Prod. 2023. PMID: 36913648
This alkaloid is unique to Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), which accumulates over 50 MIAs and oxindole alkaloids in its leaves. ...DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal ITS sequences revealed polymorphisms leading M. speciosa cultivars having lower …
This alkaloid is unique to Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), which accumulates over 50 MIAs and oxindole alkaloids in its leaves. . …
Directed Biosynthesis of Mitragynine Stereoisomers.
Schotte C, Jiang Y, Grzech D, Dang TT, Laforest LC, León F, Mottinelli M, Nadakuduti SS, McCurdy CR, O'Connor SE. Schotte C, et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2023 Mar 8;145(9):4957-4963. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c13644. Epub 2023 Feb 22. J Am Chem Soc. 2023. PMID: 36883326 Free PMC article.
Mitragyna speciosa ("kratom") is used as a natural remedy for pain and management of opioid dependence. The pharmacological properties of kratom have been linked to a complex mixture of monoterpene indole alkaloids, most notably mitragynine. ...
Mitragyna speciosa ("kratom") is used as a natural remedy for pain and management of opioid dependence. The pharmacological pr …
Deconstructing Differential Drug Coverage within a Malaysian Media Source.
Hayden Griffin O 3rd, Leban L, Singh D, Webb M, Narayanan S. Hayden Griffin O 3rd, et al. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023 Mar 2:1-7. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2186287. Online ahead of print. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2023. PMID: 36864012
We focus on five drugs widely used in Malaysia (amphetamines, opiates, cannabis, cocaine, and kratom) and assess the most frequent themes, crimes, and locations mentioned in reference to each drug. ...
We focus on five drugs widely used in Malaysia (amphetamines, opiates, cannabis, cocaine, and kratom) and assess the most frequent th …
An evaluation of adverse drug reactions and outcomes attributed to kratom in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System from January 2004 through September 2021.
Li X, Ndungu P, Taneja SB, Chapin MR, Egbert SB, Akenapalli K, Paine MF, Kane-Gill SL, Boyce RD. Li X, et al. Clin Transl Sci. 2023 Jun;16(6):1002-1011. doi: 10.1111/cts.13505. Epub 2023 Mar 20. Clin Transl Sci. 2023. PMID: 36861661 Free PMC article.
The American Kratom Association estimates 10-16 million people use kratom. Kratom-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) continue to be reported and raise concerns about the safety profile of kratom. However, studies are lacking that describe the ove …
The American Kratom Association estimates 10-16 million people use kratom. Kratom-associated adverse drug reactions (AD …
Anticancer Effects of Antidepressants in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.
Huang YH, Yeh CT. Huang YH, et al. Anticancer Res. 2023 Mar;43(3):1201-1206. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.16266. Anticancer Res. 2023. PMID: 36854516
Given this, we investigated whether four other GR-specific antidepressants, including mianserin (atypical antidepressant), tianeptine (atypical antidepressant), imipramine (TCA), and moclobemide (monoamine oxidase inhibitor, MAOI) affect the cell viability of HCC. ...RESUL …
Given this, we investigated whether four other GR-specific antidepressants, including mianserin (atypical antidepressant), tianeptine …
Kratom Retail Availability in Fort Worth, Texas.
LoParco CR, Yockey RA, Sekhon VK, Olsson S, Galindo R, Balasundaram R, Agwuncha T, Rossheim ME. LoParco CR, et al. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2024 Jan-Mar;56(1):8-13. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2181243. Epub 2023 Feb 25. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2024. PMID: 36841785
Kratom was available in 6% of locations. Most kratom retailers had a tobacco license (92%). ...Most kratom retailers (95%) sold Delta-8 THC and two-thirds (65%) of Delta-8 THC retailers sold kratom. ...
Kratom was available in 6% of locations. Most kratom retailers had a tobacco license (92%). ...Most kratom retailers (9 …
Seasonal and Geographic Variation in Alkaloid Content of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) from Thailand.
Sengnon N, Vonghirundecha P, Chaichan W, Juengwatanatrakul T, Onthong J, Kitprasong P, Sriwiriyajan S, Chittrakarn S, Limsuwanchote S, Wungsintaweekul J. Sengnon N, et al. Plants (Basel). 2023 Feb 19;12(4):949. doi: 10.3390/plants12040949. Plants (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36840297 Free PMC article.
The contents of alkaloids, including mitragynine (MG), paynantheine (PAY), and speciogynine (SG), were determined using the validated HPLC method. ...Geographical locations played a role in the variation of MG in kratom leaves, but did not affect the color of leaf v …
The contents of alkaloids, including mitragynine (MG), paynantheine (PAY), and speciogynine (SG), were determined using the validated …
New Synthetic Opioids: Clinical Considerations and Dangers.
Edinoff AN, Martinez Garza D, Vining SP, Vasterling ME, Jackson ED, Murnane KS, Kaye AM, Fair RN, Torres YJL, Badr AE, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Edinoff AN, et al. Pain Ther. 2023 Apr;12(2):399-421. doi: 10.1007/s40122-023-00481-6. Epub 2023 Feb 24. Pain Ther. 2023. PMID: 36826742 Free PMC article. Review.
Other synthetic opioids, such as carfentanil, protonitazene, and isotonitazene, have also become more widely diverted for nonmedical used. ...Related to its strong affinity for mu opioid receptors, carfentanil is still utilized in medicine and science today as a radiotrace …
Other synthetic opioids, such as carfentanil, protonitazene, and isotonitazene, have also become more widely diverted for nonmedical …
Adverse Drug Interaction Between Kratom and Amitriptyline With Gastrointestinal and Mild Hepatic Effects.
Vanani NB, Stevanovic SG, Stevanovic N. Vanani NB, et al. Cureus. 2023 Jan 15;15(1):e33809. doi: 10.7759/cureus.33809. eCollection 2023 Jan. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 36819306 Free PMC article.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical evergreen plant native to Southeast Asia, where it has been used historically for its various psychoactive and analgesic properties. ...However, much of Kratom processing and sales remain largely unregulated, with lit …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical evergreen plant native to Southeast Asia, where it has been used historically for it …
Discovery of a cytochrome P450 enzyme catalyzing the formation of spirooxindole alkaloid scaffold.
Nguyen TM, Grzech D, Chung K, Xia Z, Nguyen TD, Dang TT. Nguyen TM, et al. Front Plant Sci. 2023 Feb 3;14:1125158. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125158. eCollection 2023. Front Plant Sci. 2023. PMID: 36818833 Free PMC article.
Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a cytochrome P450 enzyme from kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) responsible for the formation of the spirooxindole alkaloids 3-epi-corynoxeine (3R, 7R) and isocorynoxeine (3S, 7S) from the corynanthe-type (3R)-secoyo …
Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a cytochrome P450 enzyme from kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) responsible …
Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) poisoning: Findings from ten cases.
Peran D, Stern M, Cernohorsky P, Sykora R, Popela S, Duska F. Peran D, et al. Toxicon. 2023 Mar 15;225:107054. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107054. Epub 2023 Feb 15. Toxicon. 2023. PMID: 36801215
Kratom is a mixture of compounds that are present in the leaves of the tropical tree Mitragyna speciosa. ...In this case series we describe the signs, symptoms, and the management of kratom overdose in the prehospital setting and in intensive care. ...
Kratom is a mixture of compounds that are present in the leaves of the tropical tree Mitragyna speciosa. ...In this case serie …
Investigating the Impact of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use Upon Male Sexual Health.
Deebel NA, Scarberry K, O'Connor CA, Dutta R, Matz E, Hanlon CA, Terlecki RP. Deebel NA, et al. Res Rep Urol. 2023 Feb 10;15:69-76. doi: 10.2147/RRU.S390094. eCollection 2023. Res Rep Urol. 2023. PMID: 36798621 Free PMC article.
PURPOSE: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) exhibits mu-receptor agonism and is used as an opioid substitute. ...The erectile function domain of the IIEF was statistically significantly different however - clinically similar pre-kratom use (29.0; 5.75) versus 27.0; …
PURPOSE: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) exhibits mu-receptor agonism and is used as an opioid substitute. ...The erectile functio …
Mitragynine, a primary constituent of kratom reinstates morphine-seeking behaviour in rats.
Japarin RA, Harun N, Hassan Z, Shoaib M. Japarin RA, et al. Behav Pharmacol. 2023 Apr 1;34(2-3):123-130. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000715. Epub 2022 Dec 21. Behav Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 36752325
Mitragynine (MG) is a pharmacologically active alkaloid derived from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Kratom). ...
Mitragynine (MG) is a pharmacologically active alkaloid derived from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Kratom). . …
Reddit language indicates changes associated with diet, physical activity, substance use, and smoking during COVID-19.
Wanchoo K, Abrams M, Merchant RM, Ungar L, Guntuku SC. Wanchoo K, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Feb 3;18(2):e0280337. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280337. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 36735708 Free PMC article.
In addition, posts related to use of substances such as benzodiazepines (valium, xanax, clonazepam), nootropics (kratom, phenibut), and opioids peaked around March 23, 2020, followed by a decline. ...
In addition, posts related to use of substances such as benzodiazepines (valium, xanax, clonazepam), nootropics (kratom, phenibut), a …
Discovering dynamic plant enzyme complexes in yeast for novel alkaloid pathway identification from a medicinal plant kratom.
Wu Y, Liu C, Gong FL, Li S. Wu Y, et al. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Jan 17:2023.01.16.524293. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524293. bioRxiv. 2023. PMID: 36711573 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.
This approach discovered complexes and pathways in the monoterpene indole alkaloid metabolism of a medicinal plant, kratom with high success rate. Screening using a strictosidine beta-D-glucosidase (MsSGD1) against 19 medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (MsMDRs) identifi …
This approach discovered complexes and pathways in the monoterpene indole alkaloid metabolism of a medicinal plant, kratom with high …
Kratom and opioid use disorder in the perioperative period: A case report on the expanding role of buprenorphine.
Perez J. Perez J. J Opioid Manag. 2023 Jan-Feb;19(1):91-93. doi: 10.5055/jom.2023.0762. J Opioid Manag. 2023. PMID: 36683304
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an herbal plant gaining popularity as a treatment for chronic pain and opioid withdrawal symptoms, continues to be marketed and sold in the United States in an unregulated fashion. We present a patient with a history of opioid use disord …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an herbal plant gaining popularity as a treatment for chronic pain and opioid withdrawal symptoms …
Patterns of polysubstance use among adults in Malaysia-A latent class analysis.
Rodzlan Hasani WS, Robert Lourdes TG, Ganapathy SS, Ab Majid NL, Abd Hamid HA, Mohd Yusoff MF. Rodzlan Hasani WS, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Jan 17;18(1):e0264593. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264593. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 36649298 Free PMC article.
Polysubstance use was defined as concurrent use of more than one substance, either alcohol, tobacco, or drugs (opioids, marijuana, amphetamine/ methamphetamine or kratom). A latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify the membership of polysubstance groups. ...RESULTS …
Polysubstance use was defined as concurrent use of more than one substance, either alcohol, tobacco, or drugs (opioids, marijuana, amphetami …
Rapid screening of 2-benzylbenzimidazole nitazene analogs in suspect counterfeit tablets using Raman, SERS, DART-TD-MS, and FT-IR.
Kimani MM, Kern S, Lanzarotta A, Thatcher M, Lorenz LM, Smith SW, Collins M, Howe GW, Wetherby AE Jr. Kimani MM, et al. Drug Test Anal. 2023 May;15(5):539-550. doi: 10.1002/dta.3440. Epub 2023 Feb 5. Drug Test Anal. 2023. PMID: 36648419
This paper details the authenticity determination of suspect tablets and the identification of three nitazene analogs (N-pyrrolidino etonitazene, isotonitazene, and etodesnitazene) in suspect tablets seized at a mail facility using Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scatteri …
This paper details the authenticity determination of suspect tablets and the identification of three nitazene analogs (N-pyrrolidino etonita …
Treatment of concurrent etizolam and tianeptine withdrawal following accidental overdose.
Markovic M, Niwash D. Markovic M, et al. Ment Health Clin. 2023 Jan 5;12(6):356-359. doi: 10.9740/mhc.2022.12.356. eCollection 2022 Dec. Ment Health Clin. 2023. PMID: 36644586 Free PMC article.
CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 32-year-old male with an approximate 2-year history of taking internet-obtained etizolam and tianeptine who presented to the hospital following an overdose. He experienced subsequent withdrawal symptoms consistent with benzodiazepine and …
CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 32-year-old male with an approximate 2-year history of taking internet-obtained etizolam and tianeptin …
Correlations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use behavior and psychiatric conditions from a cross-sectional survey.
Grundmann O, Veltri CA, Morcos S, Smith KE, Singh D, Corazza O, Cinosi E, Martinotti G, Walsh Z, Swogger MT. Grundmann O, et al. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023 Oct;31(5):963-977. doi: 10.1037/pha0000632. Epub 2023 Jan 12. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023. PMID: 36634016
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use has increased substantially over the past decade outside of its indigenous regions, especially for the self-treatment of psychiatric conditions. ...Based on this self-report study, observational and other clinical studies are w …
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use has increased substantially over the past decade outside of its indigenous regions, esp …
Upregulation of Brain's Calcium Binding Proteins in Mitragynine Dependence: A Potential Cellular Mechanism to Addiction.
Basheer M, Hassan Z, Gam LH. Basheer M, et al. Int J Med Sci. 2023 Jan 1;20(1):102-113. doi: 10.7150/ijms.78861. eCollection 2023. Int J Med Sci. 2023. PMID: 36619231 Free PMC article.
Background: Mitragyna speciosa Korth or Kratom is widely used traditionally for its medicinal values. The major alkaloid content of kratom leaves is mitragynine, which binds to opioid receptors to give opioid-like effects. ...
Background: Mitragyna speciosa Korth or Kratom is widely used traditionally for its medicinal values. The major alkaloid conte …
Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Products by Tamarindus indica and Mitragyna inermis Extracts and Effects on Human Hepatocyte and Fibroblast Viability.
Ouédraogo RJ, Aleem U, Ouattara L, Nadeem-Ul-Haque M, Ouédraogo GA, Jahan H, Shaheen F. Ouédraogo RJ, et al. Molecules. 2023 Jan 2;28(1):393. doi: 10.3390/molecules28010393. Molecules. 2023. PMID: 36615587 Free PMC article.
Tamarindus indica and Mitragyna inermis are widely used by herbalists to cure diabetes mellitus. ...In particular, 1-3 are compounds which have not previously been described in Mitragyna inermis roots. However, the isolated compounds did not exhibit AGE inhibitory a …
Tamarindus indica and Mitragyna inermis are widely used by herbalists to cure diabetes mellitus. ...In particular, 1-3 are compounds …
Kratom Alkaloids: A Blueprint?
Smith KE, Sharma A, Grundmann O, McCurdy CR. Smith KE, et al. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2023 Jan 18;14(2):195-197. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00704. Epub 2023 Jan 3. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2023. PMID: 36594896 Free PMC article.
Alkaloids from the botanical Mitragyna speciosa (commonly referred to as "kratom") interact with opioid, adrenergic, serotonergic, and other receptors to provide myriad reported effects, including analgesia, energy, improved mood, and relaxation, among others. ...
Alkaloids from the botanical Mitragyna speciosa (commonly referred to as "kratom") interact with opioid, adrenergic, serotoner …
Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2022 Update—Surveillance Report 2: Literature Update Period: Mid-July 2022 Through Mid-October 2022.
Chou R, Ahmed AY, Bougatsos C, Morasco BJ, Holmes R, Gilbreath T, Fu R. Chou R, et al. 2023 Jan. In: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: Interim Progress and Surveillance Reports [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec–. 2023 Jan. In: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: Interim Progress and Surveillance Reports [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Dec–. PMID: 37769056 Free Books & Documents. Review.
The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic pain, and addresses concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. ...
The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom …
Buprenorphine-Naloxone in the Setting of Kratom Withdrawal, Opioid Use Disorder, and Stage IV Lung Adenocarcinoma.
Hong S, Zimmerman PE, Rao V, Markwalter DW. Hong S, et al. J Palliat Med. 2023 May;26(5):734-736. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2022.0491. Epub 2022 Dec 29. J Palliat Med. 2023. PMID: 36580544
Management of cancer-associated pain warrants consideration of many factors, including characterization and etiology of the pain, socioeconomic factors, medication tolerance, and substance use history. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is an herbal substance with stimulan …
Management of cancer-associated pain warrants consideration of many factors, including characterization and etiology of the pain, socioecono …
Kratom-induced common bile duct dilation.
Haider M, Shah N, Yazdani A. Haider M, et al. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022 Sep 13;36(1):116-117. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2022.2119541. eCollection 2023. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022. PMID: 36578590 Free PMC article.
Kratom is an herb with opioid-like properties that has become readily available in the United States and is being used for self-management of pain and opioid withdrawal. We present a case of common bile duct dilation secondary to use of kratom. Our suspicion is that …
Kratom is an herb with opioid-like properties that has become readily available in the United States and is being used for self-manag …
Kratom: A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Publications.
Phoong SW, Phoong SY, Yeoh YJ. Phoong SW, et al. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2024 Jan-Mar;56(1):14-22. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2159591. Epub 2022 Dec 22. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2024. PMID: 36560854 Review.
Kratom has caught the attention of governments, policymakers, and academicians due to its unique characteristics. ...We reviewed existing publications on Kratom using a bibliometric methodology. By analyzing 431 scientific publications, we identified publication sou …
Kratom has caught the attention of governments, policymakers, and academicians due to its unique characteristics. ...We reviewed exis …
Application of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE) Engaged to Tandem LC-MS/MS for Quantification of Brorphine in Oral Fluid.
Florou D, Vlachou T, Sakkas V, Boumba V. Florou D, et al. J Xenobiot. 2022 Nov 25;12(4):356-364. doi: 10.3390/jox12040025. J Xenobiot. 2022. PMID: 36547469 Free PMC article.
Brorphine (1-[1-[1-(4-bromophenyl) ethyl]-piperidin-4-yl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo [d]imidazol-2-one) is one of the most recent novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) on the novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) market, involved in over 100 deaths in 2020. Brorphine is a substit …
Brorphine (1-[1-[1-(4-bromophenyl) ethyl]-piperidin-4-yl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo [d]imidazol-2-one) is one of the most recent novel syn …
Plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the 2-benzylbenzimidazole synthetic opioid, isotonitazene, in male rats.
Walton SE, Krotulski AJ, Glatfelter GC, Walther D, Logan BK, Baumann MH. Walton SE, et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Jan;240(1):185-198. doi: 10.1007/s00213-022-06292-5. Epub 2022 Dec 17. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023. PMID: 36526866
RATIONALE: Isotonitazene is an illicit synthetic opioid associated with many intoxications and fatalities. ...Isotonitazene produced antinociception (ED(50) = 4.22 g/kg), catalepsy-like symptoms (ED(50) = 8.68 g/kg), and hypothermia (only at 30 g/kg) that were signi …
RATIONALE: Isotonitazene is an illicit synthetic opioid associated with many intoxications and fatalities. ...Isotonitazene pr …
Adolescent kratom exposure affects cognitive behaviours and brain metabolite profiles in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Zul Aznal AN, Mohamad Nor Hazalin NA, Hassan Z, Mat NH, Chear NJ, Teh LK, Salleh MZ, Suhaimi FW. Zul Aznal AN, et al. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Nov 28;13:1057423. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1057423. eCollection 2022. Front Pharmacol. 2022. PMID: 36518677 Free PMC article.
Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which exposure to psychoactive substances like kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) can cause long-lasting deleterious effects. Here, we evaluated the effects of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of kratom, and …
Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which exposure to psychoactive substances like kratom (Mitragyna specios …
Analgesic effects of main indole alkaloid of kratom, mitragynine in acute pain animal model.
Mat NH, Bakar SNS, Murugaiyah V, Chawarski MC, Hassan Z. Mat NH, et al. Behav Brain Res. 2023 Feb 15;439:114251. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114251. Epub 2022 Dec 9. Behav Brain Res. 2023. PMID: 36503042
Mitragynine exerts its analgesic effect mainly via opioid receptors activation. ...The findings also suggest that mitragynine might regulate some physiological functions of the rat....
Mitragynine exerts its analgesic effect mainly via opioid receptors activation. ...The findings also suggest that mitragynine …
Mitragyna speciosa Korth Leaf Pellet Supplementation on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Protozoal Population in Thai Native Beef Cattle.
Phesatcha B, Phesatcha K, Wanapat M. Phesatcha B, et al. Animals (Basel). 2022 Nov 22;12(23):3238. doi: 10.3390/ani12233238. Animals (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36496759 Free PMC article.
This experiment evaluated the use of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaf pellets (MSLP) on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in Thai native beef cattle. ...
This experiment evaluated the use of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaf pellets (MSLP) on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in Thai n …
Differences between users' and addiction medicine experts' harm and benefit assessments of licit and illicit psychoactive drugs: Input for psychoeducation and legalization/restriction debates.
Bonnet U, Specka M, Kanti AK, Scherbaum N. Bonnet U, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Nov 16;13:1041762. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1041762. eCollection 2022. Front Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 36465301 Free PMC article.
Experiences with prescription drugs (including opioidergic analgesics and gabapentinoids), cathinones, GHB, methamphetamine and methylphenidate was not prevalent in our user population. The same applied to barbiturates, propofol, kratom, ayahuasca with nearly zero assessme …
Experiences with prescription drugs (including opioidergic analgesics and gabapentinoids), cathinones, GHB, methamphetamine and methylphenid …
Analysis of highly potent synthetic opioid nitazene analogs and their positional isomers.
Kanamori T, Okada Y, Segawa H, Yamamuro T, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Iwata YT. Kanamori T, et al. Drug Test Anal. 2023 Apr;15(4):449-457. doi: 10.1002/dta.3415. Epub 2022 Dec 5. Drug Test Anal. 2023. PMID: 36437623
Four nitazenes (metonitazene, etonitazene, protonitazene, and isotonitazene), highly potent benzimidazole synthetic opioids, and their four nitro group positional isomers (isonitazenes) were synthesized and analyzed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass …
Four nitazenes (metonitazene, etonitazene, protonitazene, and isotonitazene), highly potent benzimidazole synthetic opioids, and thei …
Insights into distinct signaling profiles of the µOR activated by diverse agonists.
Qu Q, Huang W, Aydin D, Paggi JM, Seven AB, Wang H, Chakraborty S, Che T, DiBerto JF, Robertson MJ, Inoue A, Suomivuori CM, Roth BL, Majumdar S, Dror RO, Kobilka BK, Skiniotis G. Qu Q, et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2023 Apr;19(4):423-430. doi: 10.1038/s41589-022-01208-y. Epub 2022 Nov 21. Nat Chem Biol. 2023. PMID: 36411392
Here we investigated the mechanistic basis of action of lofentanil (LFT) and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP), two muOR agonists with different safety profiles. LFT, one of the most lethal opioids, and MP, a kratom plant derivative with reduced respiratory depression …
Here we investigated the mechanistic basis of action of lofentanil (LFT) and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP), two muOR agonists with d …
Kava (Piper methysticum) in the United States: the quiet rise of a substance with often subtle effects.
Pont-Fernandez S, Kheyfets M, Rogers JM, Smith KE, Epstein DH. Pont-Fernandez S, et al. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2023 Jan 2;49(1):85-96. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2140292. Epub 2022 Nov 21. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2023. PMID: 36410029
Kava was frequently used with other substances, most commonly kratom. Kava was used at lower doses for self-treatment than for other purposes (pseudo-R(2) = 0.11). ...
Kava was frequently used with other substances, most commonly kratom. Kava was used at lower doses for self-treatment than for other …
Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand.
Leksungnoen N, Andriyas T, Ngernsaengsaruay C, Uthairatsamee S, Racharak P, Sonjaroon W, Kjelgren R, Pearson BJ, McCurdy CR, Sharma A. Leksungnoen N, et al. Front Plant Sci. 2022 Oct 27;13:1028547. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1028547. eCollection 2022. Front Plant Sci. 2022. PMID: 36388525 Free PMC article.
We analyzed the content of mitragynine (MG) found in kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) and the influence of different environmental conditions (air and soil variables) on the yield in various regions of Thailand. The content of MG in kratom leaves ran …
We analyzed the content of mitragynine (MG) found in kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) and the influence of different …
Extraction, Characterization, and Chitosan Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K.
Phupaboon S, Matra M, Prommachart R, Totakul P, Supapong C, Wanapat M. Phupaboon S, et al. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Oct 25;11(11):2103. doi: 10.3390/antiox11112103. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36358475 Free PMC article.
In this experiment, three herbal plant leaves, namely Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K., were comparatively investigated using different methods to extract their bioactive compounds. ...
In this experiment, three herbal plant leaves, namely Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K., were comparat …
A Case of Severe Kratom Addiction Contributing to a Suicide Attempt.
Settle AG, Yang C. Settle AG, et al. Cureus. 2022 Sep 28;14(9):e29698. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29698. eCollection 2022 Sep. Cureus. 2022. PMID: 36321032 Free PMC article.
Kratom is a plant product native to Southeast Asia that is surging in popularity in the United States as consumers look for natural remedies for ailments like chronic pain, anxiety, and even opioid addiction. Kratom's risks are largely unknown, and the market …
Kratom is a plant product native to Southeast Asia that is surging in popularity in the United States as consumers look for natural r …
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