Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation

Search Page

Filters

My Custom Filters

Results by year

Table representation of search results timeline featuring number of search results per year.

Year Number of Results
2019 1
2020 2
2021 16
2022 19
2023 17
2024 10
2025 8

Publication date

Text availability

Article attribute

Article type

Additional filters

Article Language

Species

Sex

Age

Other

Search Results

57 results

Results by year

Filters applied: . Clear all
Page 1
Skin Color Representation in Ophthalmology Textbooks.
Cheng T, Curley M, Barmettler A. Cheng T, et al. Med Sci Educ. 2022 Sep 12;32(5):1143-1147. doi: 10.1007/s40670-022-01636-4. eCollection 2022 Oct. Med Sci Educ. 2022. PMID: 36117946 Free PMC article.
The distribution of skin tones has not been examined in educational ophthalmology texts. The authors aimed to quantify the representation of skin tones across three leading ophthalmology textbooks. ...CONCLUSIONS: Darker skin tones are statistic …
The distribution of skin tones has not been examined in educational ophthalmology texts. The authors aimed to quantify the …
Photodocumentation in skin of color.
Akhtar S, Chen V, Benjamin L, Mayoral F. Akhtar S, et al. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021 Nov;38 Suppl 2:86-89. doi: 10.1111/pde.14788. Epub 2021 Aug 31. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021. PMID: 34463371
Photodocumentation is an important tool utilized across medical specialties and plays an especially pivotal role in dermatology given the visual nature of the field. Although it has been well-established that dermatologic diseases manifest differently in dark skin c …
Photodocumentation is an important tool utilized across medical specialties and plays an especially pivotal role in dermatology given …
Representation of Skin Colors in Images of Patients With Lupus.
Rana A, Witt A, Jones H, Mwanthi M, Murray J, Zickuhr L. Rana A, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022 Nov;74(11):1835-1841. doi: 10.1002/acr.24712. Epub 2022 Jul 30. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022. PMID: 34057307 Review.
We compared the frequencies of published skin tones with chi-square and odds ratio analyses. RESULTS: We assessed the skin tone of 1,417 images. ...After SOC atlases, journals were the most inclusive of images depicting dark skin tones. The specialty of de …
We compared the frequencies of published skin tones with chi-square and odds ratio analyses. RESULTS: We assessed the skin tone …
Skin Tone Representation in Dermatologist Social Media Accounts.
Paradkar KA, Kaffenberger JA. Paradkar KA, et al. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2022 Nov;15(11):40-42. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2022. PMID: 36381184 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVE: Skin conditions manifest differently on darker skin tones, yet lighter skin tones are usually overrepresented in dermatology educational resources. ...LIMITATIONS: This study is limited by the subjective nature of assigning Fitzpatrick skin …
OBJECTIVE: Skin conditions manifest differently on darker skin tones, yet lighter skin tones are usually overrepresented in …
Skin of color representation in dermatology atlases.
Hereford B, James WD. Hereford B, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Dec;87(6):1434-1435. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.08.003. Epub 2022 Aug 8. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022. PMID: 35952831 No abstract available.
Gaps in medical education curricula on skin of color in medical school, residency, and beyond: Part 1.
Syder NC, Omar D, McKenzie S, Brown-Korsah JB, Taylor SC, Elbuluk N. Syder NC, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Nov;89(5):885-892. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.03.053. Epub 2022 Apr 4. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023. PMID: 35390429 Review.
Various studies have revealed a disproportionately low representation of skin of color (SOC) dermatology in the medical education system of the United States. ...Thus far, there have been valuable strides to make dermatologic education mo …
Various studies have revealed a disproportionately low representation of skin of color (SOC) dermatology in the medical …
Skin of Color Representation on Wikipedia: Cross-sectional Analysis.
Kim W, Wolfe SM, Zagona-Prizio C, Dellavalle RP. Kim W, et al. JMIR Dermatol. 2021 Jul 16;4(2):e27802. doi: 10.2196/27802. JMIR Dermatol. 2021. PMID: 37632806 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Wikipedia is one of the most popular websites and may be a go-to source of health and dermatology education for the general population. Prior research indicates poor skin of color (SOC) photo representation in printed dermatology tex …
BACKGROUND: Wikipedia is one of the most popular websites and may be a go-to source of health and dermatology education for th …
Representation of Skin of Color in Rheumatology Educational Resources.
Bae C, Cheng M, Kraus CN, Desai S. Bae C, et al. J Rheumatol. 2022 Apr;49(4):419-423. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.210626. Epub 2021 Nov 1. J Rheumatol. 2022. PMID: 34725180
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the availability of images representing Black, Indigenous, and people of color in rheumatology educational resources. METHODS: Color images were collected from 5 major educational resources and cataloged by the resources they …
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the availability of images representing Black, Indigenous, and people of color in rheumatology education …
Improving Representation of Skin of Color in a Medical School Preclerkship Dermatology Curriculum.
Yousuf Y, Yu JC. Yousuf Y, et al. Med Sci Educ. 2021 Nov 30;32(1):27-30. doi: 10.1007/s40670-021-01473-x. eCollection 2022 Feb. Med Sci Educ. 2021. PMID: 34868730 Free PMC article.
Lack of appropriate medical education regarding dermatologic conditions in persons of color has been associated with worse health outcomes. This project improved representation in a preclerkship dermatology medical school curriculum, thro …
Lack of appropriate medical education regarding dermatologic conditions in persons of color has been associated with wo …
Skin of Color in Preclinical Medical Education: A Cross-Institutional Comparison and A Call to Action.
Okoro U, Chau TQ, Kawaoka J, Wong V, Qureshi AA. Okoro U, et al. Cutis. 2021 Oct;108(4):204-209. doi: 10.12788/cutis.0362. Cutis. 2021. PMID: 34847000
The objective of this study was to determine if the preclinical dermatology curriculum at 3 US medical schools provided adequate representation of skin of color patients in their didactic presentation slides. ...The results strongly suggested that skin …
The objective of this study was to determine if the preclinical dermatology curriculum at 3 US medical schools provided adequa …
Dermatologic conditions in skin of color compared to white patients: similarities, differences, and special considerations.
Chatrath S, Bradley L, Kentosh J. Chatrath S, et al. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023 Jul;315(5):1089-1097. doi: 10.1007/s00403-022-02493-2. Epub 2022 Dec 1. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023. PMID: 36450934 Review.
The US population is becoming increasingly diverse, yet patients of color remain underrepresented in dermatology. The lack of diverse images in dermatologic learning materials can lead to discomfort in treating patients of color, delayed, and mi …
The US population is becoming increasingly diverse, yet patients of color remain underrepresented in dermatology. The lack of …
Representation of Fitzpatrick skin phototype in dermatology surgical textbooks.
Porras Fimbres DC, Jacobs J, Diamond C, Rundle CW, Rodriguez-Homs L, Presley C, Stamey C. Porras Fimbres DC, et al. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023 Oct;315(8):2463-2465. doi: 10.1007/s00403-023-02667-6. Epub 2023 Jul 15. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023. PMID: 37452856
Given the importance of skin of color (SoC) representation in dermatologic education and training, this study quantified representation of Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (FST) in core dermatology surgery textbooks. Images within Surgery of t …
Given the importance of skin of color (SoC) representation in dermatologic education and training, this study qu …
Novel Education Modules Addressing the Underrepresentation of Skin of Color in Dermatology Training.
Slaught C, Madu P, Chang AY, Williams VL, Kebaetse MB, Nkomazana O, Molefe-Baikai OJ, Bekele NA, Omech B, Kellman PJ, Krasne S, Kovarik CL. Slaught C, et al. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022 Jan-Feb;26(1):17-24. doi: 10.1177/12034754211035093. Epub 2021 Aug 2. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022. PMID: 34340596 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Representative images of pathology in patients with skin of color are lacking in most medical education resources. This particularly affects training in dermatology, which relies heavily on the use of images to teach pattern recognition. Th …
BACKGROUND: Representative images of pathology in patients with skin of color are lacking in most medical education resources. …
Photography in dermatology - a scoping review: Practices, skin of color, patient preferences, and medical-legal considerations.
Kashetsky N, Mar K, Liu C, Rivers JK, Mukovozov I. Kashetsky N, et al. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023 Oct;21(10):1102-1107. doi: 10.1111/ddg.15129. Epub 2023 Jul 28. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023. PMID: 37515311 Review.
This scoping review aims to summarize the literature regarding photography practices in dermatology, photography of skin of color, patient preferences, and medical-legal considerations. ...Clinical photography is commonly used in biopsy site marking, assessment, dia …
This scoping review aims to summarize the literature regarding photography practices in dermatology, photography of skin of color …
Diversifying Skin Tone Representation in Medical School Dermatology Curriculum.
Barzallo D, Ofori-Darko AA, Perez AM, DiSano K. Barzallo D, et al. Med Sci Educ. 2024 Oct 2;35(1):37-41. doi: 10.1007/s40670-024-02159-w. eCollection 2025 Feb. Med Sci Educ. 2024. PMID: 40144072 Free PMC article.
The lack of diversity in medical education contributes to disparities in dermatologic health outcomes, particularly for patients of color. This study evaluates second-year medical students' comfort in diagnosing conditions in skin of color (SOC) and ex …
The lack of diversity in medical education contributes to disparities in dermatologic health outcomes, particularly for patien …
Altmetric Analysis of Skin of Color Articles: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Chang MJ, Lipner SR. Chang MJ, et al. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022 Jan-Feb;26(1):31-32. doi: 10.1177/12034754211045387. Epub 2021 Sep 20. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022. PMID: 34543140
Online attention and publication trends for skin of color (SOC) articles have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate SOC article online attention and publication trends. ...Top four AAS articles focused on SOC representation in educational resources. CON …
Online attention and publication trends for skin of color (SOC) articles have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate SOC article …
Skin Color Representation in Teaching Photographs: One Institution's Approach to Addressing Visual Racism in Medical Education.
Le HDH, Sreekantaswamy S, Lind H, Birdsall MB, Jensen J, Foster-Palmer SC, Brintz BJ, Chow C, Richards B, Cipriano SD. Le HDH, et al. Teach Learn Med. 2024 Aug-Sep;36(4):538-546. doi: 10.1080/10401334.2023.2226648. Epub 2023 Jul 1. Teach Learn Med. 2024. PMID: 37392156
In this paper we describe our efforts to engage in institutional anti-racism work by addressing imbalances in representation of darker skin types in visual teaching images within our institution's curriculum. ...We then provided feedback and education …
In this paper we describe our efforts to engage in institutional anti-racism work by addressing imbalances in representation of darke …
Visual Learning Equity: A Course Auditing System of Skin Color in Preclinical Medical Education.
Lamb JE, Stone AX, Davis EM, James AJ. Lamb JE, et al. Fam Med. 2023 Jun;55(6):375-380. doi: 10.22454/FamMed.2023.766642. Epub 2023 Mar 13. Fam Med. 2023. PMID: 37307388 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Visual learning equity is a health justice effort in response to the lack of representation of brown and black skin images in medical education. ...The authors outline steps to perform a curriculum audit and diversify medical …
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Visual learning equity is a health justice effort in response to the lack of representation of brow …
Skin of Colour Dermatoses Self-Learning Module: Assessing Student Comprehension.
Mardiros L, Mahmood F, Colantonio S, Bose R. Mardiros L, et al. J Cutan Med Surg. 2023 May-Jun;27(3):214-218. doi: 10.1177/12034754231163543. Epub 2023 Mar 20. J Cutan Med Surg. 2023. PMID: 36939146
BACKGROUND: Dermatology for diverse skin types is a globally growing area of medicine, but the inclusion of skin of color dermatology has not yet been formally included across all Canadian undergraduate medical education curricula. ...In the pos …
BACKGROUND: Dermatology for diverse skin types is a globally growing area of medicine, but the inclusion of skin of color d …
Photographic representation of skin tones in three dermatology journals.
Hereford B, Kim Y, Zaenglein AL, Hollins LC. Hereford B, et al. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021 Nov;38 Suppl 2:146-148. doi: 10.1111/pde.14766. Epub 2021 Aug 21. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021. PMID: 34418149
The objective of this study was to evaluate the representation of skin tones in three dermatology journals commonly used in resident education and journal clubs. ...Disparities in skin of color representation exist in three dermatology …
The objective of this study was to evaluate the representation of skin tones in three dermatology journals commonly use …
Skin of Color Is Underrepresented on Instagram: Assessing South Jersey Skin Talk as an Educational Tool to Increase Awareness.
Fliorent R, Mistry S, Javaid K, Milani K. Fliorent R, et al. Cureus. 2023 Oct 20;15(10):e47388. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47388. eCollection 2023 Oct. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 38022218 Free PMC article.
Background Instagram, a widely used social media platform with over two billion active users, has the potential to propagate dermatologic health information within the public sphere. However, there is a lack of representation of people of color (POC), making …
Background Instagram, a widely used social media platform with over two billion active users, has the potential to propagate dermatologic …
Presentations of Cutaneous Disease in Various Skin Pigmentations: An Introduction.
Scheufele CJ, Weis D, Weis SE. Scheufele CJ, et al. HCA Healthc J Med. 2022 Jun 28;3(3):135-138. doi: 10.36518/2689-0216.1483. eCollection 2022. HCA Healthc J Med. 2022. PMID: 37424610 Free PMC article.
Description Dermatological disease has historically been dependent on photography as a primary modality for education. ...There is a need for a better representation of darker skin tones in dermatologic medical education. This article int …
Description Dermatological disease has historically been dependent on photography as a primary modality for education. ...Ther …
Assessment of skin of color and diversity and inclusion content of dermatologic published literature: An analysis and call to action.
Wilson BN, Sun M, Ashbaugh AG, Ohri S, Yeh C, Murrell DF, Murase JE. Wilson BN, et al. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2021 Apr 20;7(4):391-397. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.04.001. eCollection 2021 Sep. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2021. PMID: 34621950 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Previous reports have revealed inadequate resident education and textbook representation of dermatological conditions in patients with skin of color (SoC). This suggests that the literature and continuing medical education are import …
BACKGROUND: Previous reports have revealed inadequate resident education and textbook representation of dermatological …
Technology innovation to reduce health inequality in skin diagnosis and to improve patient outcomes for people of color: a thematic literature review and future research agenda.
Khatun N, Spinelli G, Colecchia F. Khatun N, et al. Front Artif Intell. 2024 Jun 13;7:1394386. doi: 10.3389/frai.2024.1394386. eCollection 2024. Front Artif Intell. 2024. PMID: 38938325 Free PMC article. Review.
This is a complex problem compounded by several factors: ill-prepared medical practitioners, lack of awareness of melanoma and other skin conditions among people of colour, lack of information and medical resources for practitioners' continuous development, under-representatio …
This is a complex problem compounded by several factors: ill-prepared medical practitioners, lack of awareness of melanoma and other skin co …
Inter-institutional Analysis of Skin of Color Representation in Dermatological Lecture Content at MD and DO Medical Schools.
Ogunremi OO, Fredericksen B, Komas J, Ismail S, Knutsen-Larson S, Kozmenko V, Albin A. Ogunremi OO, et al. S D Med. 2024 Aug;77(suppl 8):s22. S D Med. 2024. PMID: 39311742
Therefore, it is important to analyze the diversity of skin tones in the content that is being delivered. Specifically, the use of images featuring darker skin tones compared to those depicting lighter skin tones. ...Images were classified as dark skin ton …
Therefore, it is important to analyze the diversity of skin tones in the content that is being delivered. Specifically, the use of im …
Representation of Fitzpatrick skin type in dermatology textbooks compared with national percentiles.
Reilley-Luther J, Cline A, Zimmerly A, Azinge S, Moy J. Reilley-Luther J, et al. Dermatol Online J. 2020 Dec 15;26(12):13030/qt91h8k9zc. Dermatol Online J. 2020. PMID: 33423414 Free article.
As time progresses, more patients with skin of color will be seen by dermatologists. To meet the needs of the ever-changing population, medical education needs to analyze how residents are trained in recognizing dermatological disorders in patients wit …
As time progresses, more patients with skin of color will be seen by dermatologists. To meet the needs of the ever-changing po …
Representations of skin tone and sex in dermatology by generative artificial intelligence: a comparative study.
Sakunchotpanit G, Nayudu K, Chen R, Milosavljevic S, Rohan TZ, Ortiz-López L, Venkatesh K, Nambudiri VE. Sakunchotpanit G, et al. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2025 Mar 13:llaf126. doi: 10.1093/ced/llaf126. Online ahead of print. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2025. PMID: 40080693
With generative artificial intelligence demonstrating potential in dermatologic education, assessment of skin tone diversity is imperative to ensure comprehensive patient care. Evaluating DALL-E3, Midjourney, and DreamStudio Beta, we generated five images for …
With generative artificial intelligence demonstrating potential in dermatologic education, assessment of skin tone dive …
Adapting pediatric dermatology textbooks in South America: enhancing visual representation for skin of color patients.
Pasa Morgan MA, Gonçalves AA, Costa ECSD, Noguera-Morel L, Carvalho VO. Pasa Morgan MA, et al. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024 Nov 29;317(1):56. doi: 10.1007/s00403-024-03541-9. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024. PMID: 39611986
In American pediatric dermatology books, less than 40% of photographs depict skin of color. No similar studies have been conducted for South American pediatric dermatology books. ...This disparity undermines education, highlighting the need to increase …
In American pediatric dermatology books, less than 40% of photographs depict skin of color. No similar studies have been condu …
Automatically Diagnosing Skin Cancers From Multimodality Images Using Two-Stage Genetic Programming.
Ain QU, Al-Sahaf H, Xue B, Zhang M. Ain QU, et al. IEEE Trans Cybern. 2023 May;53(5):2727-2740. doi: 10.1109/TCYB.2022.3182474. Epub 2023 Apr 21. IEEE Trans Cybern. 2023. PMID: 35797327
Developing a computer-aided diagnostic system for detecting various skin malignancies from images has attracted many researchers. Unlike many machine-learning approaches, such as artificial neural networks, genetic programming (GP) automatically evolves models with flexibl …
Developing a computer-aided diagnostic system for detecting various skin malignancies from images has attracted many researchers. Unlike man …
Representation of Skin of Color in Social Media Discussions on Melasma, Keloids, and Vitiligo.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] J Drugs Dermatol. 2024 Jul 1;23(7):510-514. doi: 10.36849/JDD.7716. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024. PMID: 38954622
CONCLUSION: Considering the high prevalence of dermatologist-creator content on TikTok, it is crucial to continue this shift toward dermatologist-driven educational content, as social media platforms continue to grow. These platforms are valuable channels for …
CONCLUSION: Considering the high prevalence of dermatologist-creator content on TikTok, it is crucial to continue this shift toward …
Reply to "Skin of color representation in medical education: An analysis of popular preparatory materials used for United States Medical Licensing Examinations": Underrepresentation in additional popular resources.
Militello M, Presley CL, Meckley AL, Szeto MD, Dellavalle RP. Militello M, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Oct;85(4):e255-e256. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.108. Epub 2021 Mar 17. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021. PMID: 33744349 No abstract available.
An EfficientNet-based modified sigmoid transform for enhancing dermatological macro-images of melanoma and nevi skin lesions.
Venugopal V, Joseph J, Vipin Das M, Kumar Nath M. Venugopal V, et al. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2022 Jul;222:106935. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106935. Epub 2022 Jun 5. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2022. PMID: 35724474
Enhancement techniques for improving the contrast between lesion and background skin on dermatological macro-images are limited in the literature. An EfficientNet-based modified sigmoid transform for enhancing the contrast on dermatological macro-images is proposed …
Enhancement techniques for improving the contrast between lesion and background skin on dermatological macro-images are limited in th …
The Use of Artificial Intelligence for Skin Cancer Detection in Asia-A Systematic Review.
Ang XL, Oh CC. Ang XL, et al. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Apr 7;15(7):939. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15070939. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025. PMID: 40218289 Free PMC article. Review.
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) developed for skin cancer recognition has been shown to have comparable or superior performance to dermatologists. However, it is uncertain if current AI models trained predominantly with lighter Fitzpatrick skin types can be effect …
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) developed for skin cancer recognition has been shown to have comparable or superior performance to …
Increasing skin of color representation in a medical school dermatology course through student and faculty engagement: The Dermatology IDD Image Verification Ensuring Representation of Skin of Color initiative.
Kassamali B, Lee MS, Linggonegoro D, Said JT, Burgin S, Vleugels RA, Nambudiri VE. Kassamali B, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Feb;88(2):437-440. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.05.028. Epub 2022 May 20. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023. PMID: 35605786 No abstract available.
Addressing visual learning equity in undergraduate dermatology education: Skin color representation across dermatology lecture images at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School.
Janodia R, Nguyen H, Fitzhugh VA, Traba C, Chen S, Grachan JJ. Janodia R, et al. J Natl Med Assoc. 2025 Feb;117(1):74-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2025.01.010. Epub 2025 Feb 13. J Natl Med Assoc. 2025. PMID: 39952847 Free article.
Minimally-melanated skin has been the standard for dermatologic education. Research has shown that the lack of brown and black images in dermatologic medical education may contribute to unequal early recognition of diseases across different skin types. …
Minimally-melanated skin has been the standard for dermatologic education. Research has shown that the lack of brown and black …
Expanding the horizon: Skin of color in medical education - Reply to letter to the editor regarding: "Skin of color representation in medical education: An analysis of popular preparatory materials used for United States medical licensing examinations".
Clark KA, Jones VA, Shobajo MT, Tsoukas MM. Clark KA, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Oct;85(4):e257-e258. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.03.028. Epub 2021 Mar 17. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021. PMID: 33744361 No abstract available.
Power of Representation in Educational Materials: Teaching Cutaneous Lupus Across Skin Tones in an Interactive Module.
Tinianow A, Sous D, Abreu D, Scharff TB, Thomashow M, Bayliss S, Goglin S, Monroe JR, Mwanthi M, Jones HA, Zickuhr L. Tinianow A, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2025 Feb;77(2):195-200. doi: 10.1002/acr.25201. Epub 2023 Sep 20. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2025. PMID: 37485768
OBJECTIVE: Clinicians report low confidence assessing cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) lesions, especially for patients who identify as Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) who are historically excluded from educational materials. To address this, we cr …
OBJECTIVE: Clinicians report low confidence assessing cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) lesions, especially for patients who identify as B …