Sex differences in umbilical artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal study

Christian Widnes; Kari Flo; Tom Wilsgaard; Torvid Kiserud; Ganesh Acharya

doi:10.1186/s13293-018-0174-x

Sex differences in umbilical artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal study

Biol Sex Differ. 2018 Apr 18;9(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13293-018-0174-x.

Authors

Christian Widnes^{1

2}, Kari Flo^{3

4}, Tom Wilsgaard⁵, Torvid Kiserud^{6

7}, Ganesh Acharya^{3

4

8}

Affiliations

¹ Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway. Christian.Widnes@unn.no.
² Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, PO Box 24, N-9038, Tromso, Norway. Christian.Widnes@unn.no.
³ Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.
⁴ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, PO Box 24, N-9038, Tromso, Norway.
⁵ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.
⁶ Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁷ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
⁸ Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Abstract

Background: Sexual dimorphism in placental size and function has been described. Whether this influences the clinically important umbilical artery (UA) waveform remains controversial, although a few cross-sectional studies have shown sex differences in UA pulsatility index (PI). Therefore, we tested whether fetal sex influences the UA Doppler indices during the entire second half of pregnancy and aimed to establish sex-specific reference ranges for UA Doppler indices if needed.

Methods: Our main objective was to investigate gestational age-associated changes in UA Doppler indices during the second half of pregnancy and compare the values between male and female fetuses. This was a prospective longitudinal study in women with singleton low-risk pregnancies during 19-40 weeks of gestation. UA Doppler indices were serially obtained at a 4-weekly interval from a free loop of the umbilical cord using color-directed pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography. Sex-specific reference intervals were calculated for the fetal heart rate (HR), UA PI, resistance index (RI), and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) using multilevel modeling.

Results: Complete data from 294 pregnancies (a total of 1261 observations from 152 male and 142 female fetuses) were available for statistical analysis, and sex-specific reference ranges for the UA Doppler indices and fetal HR were established for the last half of pregnancy. UA Doppler indices were significantly associated with gestational age (P < 0.0001) and fetal HR (P < 0.0001). Female fetuses had 2-8% higher values for UA Doppler indices than male fetuses during gestational weeks 20⁺⁰-36⁺⁶ (P < 0.05), but not later. Female fetuses had higher HR from gestational week 26⁺⁰ until term (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: We have determined gestational age-dependent sex differences in UA Doppler indices and fetal HR during the second half of pregnancy, and correspondingly established new sex-specific reference ranges intended for refining diagnostics and monitoring individual pregnancies.

Keywords: Fetal Doppler; Obstetric ultrasound; Placental blood flow; Reference ranges; Sex differences; Umbilical artery.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adolescent
Adult
Female
Fetus / diagnostic imaging*
Gestational Age
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Pregnancy
Sex Characteristics*
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed*
Umbilical Arteries / diagnostic imaging*
Young Adult