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Household Income and Children's Depressive Symptoms: Immigrants' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020 Fall;8(4):157-164. doi: 10.34172/IJTMGH.2020.27. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020. PMID: 34036110
INTRODUCTION: Relative to socially privileged groups, socially marginalized people experience weaker health effects of household income and other economic resources, a pattern known as Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). These MDRs are frequently seen in racial and ethn …
INTRODUCTION: Relative to socially privileged groups, socially marginalized people experience weaker health effects of household income and …
Family's Subjective Economic Status and Children's Matrix Reasoning: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Boyce S. Assari S, et al. Res Health Sci. 2021 Nov 29;6(1):1-23. doi: 10.22158/rhs.v6n1p1. Epub 2020 Nov 29. Res Health Sci. 2021. PMID: 33299959
BACKGROUND: Due to a pattern known as Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), historically oppressed non-Hispanic Black Americans show weaker effects of economic status on health and development, when compared to socially privileged non-Hispanic White Americans. …
BACKGROUND: Due to a pattern known as Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), historically oppressed non-Hispanic Black Am …
American Children's Screen Time: Diminished Returns of Household Income in Black Families.
Assari S. Assari S. Information (Basel). 2020 Nov;11(11):538. doi: 10.3390/info11110538. Epub 2020 Nov 20. Information (Basel). 2020. PMID: 33282415
While increased household income is associated with overall decreased screen time for children, less is known about the effect of racial variation on this association. According to Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, family income and other economic resources sho …
While increased household income is associated with overall decreased screen time for children, less is known about the effect of racial var …
Parental Education and Children's Sleep Disturbance: Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2021 Winter;8(1):31-39. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2021. PMID: 34263059
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While increased parental education reduces children's sleep problems, less is known about racial variation in such protection. According to Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, economic resources such as parental education show weaker health e …
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While increased parental education reduces children's sleep problems, less is known about racial variation in such prot …
Race, Educational Attainment, and E-Cigarette Use.
Assari S, Mistry R, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. J Med Res Innov. 2020;4(1):10.32892/jmri.185. doi: 10.32892/jmri.185. Epub 2019 Sep 14. J Med Res Innov. 2020. PMID: 32090188 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Although higher educational attainment lowers high-risk behaviors such as substance use, according to the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, the effect of educational attainment may be smaller for Blacks than Whites. ...
BACKGROUND: Although higher educational attainment lowers high-risk behaviors such as substance use, according to the Minorities' Diminis …
Educated but Unhealthy? Examining Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Glob J Epidemol Infect Dis. 2024;4(1):82-91. doi: 10.31586/gjeid.2024.1105. Epub 2024 Nov 9. Glob J Epidemol Infect Dis. 2024. PMID: 39605846 Free PMC article.
Black and Latino individuals experience diminished returns from their years of schooling in terms of self-rated health, likely due to structural barriers and social inequalities. Policies addressing health disparities must consider these diminished returns and aim t …
Black and Latino individuals experience diminished returns from their years of schooling in terms of self-rated health, likely due to …
African American Children's Diminished Returns of Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status on Fun Seeking.
Assari S, Akhlaghipour G, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Children (Basel). 2020 Jul 9;7(7):75. doi: 10.3390/children7070075. Children (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32660094 Free PMC article.
It is plausible to expect weaker protective effects of family SES on reward sensitivity in racial minorities, a pattern called Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). Aim: We compared Caucasian and African American (AA) children for the effects of subjective family SES on c …
It is plausible to expect weaker protective effects of family SES on reward sensitivity in racial minorities, a pattern called Minorities' …
Hopelessness and Smoking among Black Adults.
Assari S, Najand B, Sheikhattari P. Assari S, et al. Open J Med Sci. 2025;5(1):1191. doi: 10.31586/ojms.2025.1191. Epub 2025 Feb 27. Open J Med Sci. 2025. PMID: 40191643 Free PMC article.
A Dream Deferred: African American Women's Diminished Socioeconomic Returns of Postponing Childbearing from Teenage to Adulthood.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Reprod Med (Basel). 2020 Sep;1(2):62-76. doi: 10.3390/reprodmed1020005. Epub 2020 Jul 1. Reprod Med (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32803191
However, according to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), the associations between aspirations, investments, behaviors, and socioeconomic position (SEP) may be diminished for marginalized groups such as African Americans. ...
However, according to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), the associations between aspirations, investments, behaviors, and so …
Age-Related Decline in Children's Reward Sensitivity: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Res Health Sci. 2020;5(3):112-128. doi: 10.22158/rhs.v5n3p112. Epub 2020 Nov 6. Res Health Sci. 2020. PMID: 33274304
While ageing reduces children's reward sensitivity and its associated risk taking, there is more to find out about racial differences in regard to the effect of age on reward sensitivity. Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that resources and assets show weaker e …
While ageing reduces children's reward sensitivity and its associated risk taking, there is more to find out about racial differences in reg …
Too Much Heat May Make You Smoke.
Assari S, Najand B, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Glob J Cardiovasc Dis. 2025;4(1):1-10. doi: 10.31586/gjcd.2025.1175. Epub 2025 Jan 15. Glob J Cardiovasc Dis. 2025. PMID: 39906122 Free PMC article.
American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Children's Body Mass Index: Diminished Returns of Parental Education and Family Income.
Assari S. Assari S. Res Health Sci. 2020;5(1):64-84. doi: 10.22158/rhs.v5n1p64. Epub 2020 Nov 24. Res Health Sci. 2020. PMID: 34308086
CONCLUSION: The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children's BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI families than NHW families. As a result, AIAN/NHPI children with high SES remain at risk for high BMI, while high-SES NHW children show the …
CONCLUSION: The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children's BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI …
Caste-based Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Wealth Accumulation in India.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2024;4(5):243-255. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1056. Epub 2024 Sep 5. Open J Educ Res. 2024. PMID: 39364030 Free PMC article.
In the United States, research has shown that Black individuals experience weaker economic returns on education compared to their White counterparts, a phenomenon explained by the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). Although MDRs have been documented in variou …
In the United States, research has shown that Black individuals experience weaker economic returns on education compared to their White coun …
High Systolic Blood Pressure of High-Income African American Children.
Assari S, Najand B, Khatami SM. Assari S, et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024 Aug;11(4):1994-2008. doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01668-5. Epub 2023 Jul 7. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024. PMID: 37418111 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, racism may reduce the health returns of family socioeconomic status (SEP) resources such as family income for racial minorities, particularly African Americans, compared to Whites. ...
BACKGROUND: According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, racism may reduce the health returns of family socioeconom …
Social Epidemiology of Early Adolescent Cyberbullying in the United States.
Nagata JM, Trompeter N, Singh G, Ganson KT, Testa A, Jackson DB, Assari S, Murray SB, Bibbins-Domingo K, Baker FC. Nagata JM, et al. Among authors: assari s. Acad Pediatr. 2022 Nov-Dec;22(8):1287-1293. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.07.003. Epub 2022 Jul 15. Acad Pediatr. 2022. PMID: 35840085 Free PMC article.
Educated but on Social Security Disability Insurance: Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Najand B, Zare H, Sonnega A. Assari S, et al. J Biomed Life Sci. 2024;4(2):81-91. doi: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1108. Epub 2024 Nov 9. J Biomed Life Sci. 2024. PMID: 39606429 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment is widely regarded as a key predictor of economic and social outcomes in later life, including the likelihood of receiving Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, however …
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment is widely regarded as a key predictor of economic and social outcomes in later life, including the likeli …
Parental Educational Attainment and Social Environmental of Urban Public Schools in the U.S.: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA, Assari S. Boyce S, et al. Among authors: assari s. Children (Basel). 2020 May 10;7(5):44. doi: 10.3390/children7050044. Children (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32397657 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Recent research has documented marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) of socioeconomic status (SES), defined as weaker effects of SES indicators, such as parental educational attainment, on securing tangible outcomes for the members of socially margi …
BACKGROUND: Recent research has documented marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) of socioeconomic status (SES), defined a …
Household Income and Children's Unmet Dental Care Need; Blacks' Diminished Return.
Assari S, Hani N. Assari S, et al. Dent J (Basel). 2018 Jun 4;6(2):17. doi: 10.3390/dj6020017. Dent J (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29867015 Free PMC article.
Background: Minorities' Diminished Return theory is defined as the relative disadvantage of minority populations compared to Whites regarding health gains that follow socioeconomic status (SES). To test whether Minorities' Diminished Return theory holds for unmet de …
Background: Minorities' Diminished Return theory is defined as the relative disadvantage of minority populations compared to Whites r …
Financial Strain Partially Explains Diminished Returns of Parental Education in the ABCD Study.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Neurosci. 2024;2(1):25-34. doi: 10.31586/ojn.2024.1129. Epub 2024 Nov 21. Open J Neurosci. 2024. PMID: 39734514 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVE: Building on the MDRs framework, this study examines whether high financial strain contributes to the diminished returns of parental education for Black children, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. ...Financial strain partial …
OBJECTIVE: Building on the MDRs framework, this study examines whether high financial strain contributes to the diminished returns of …
Trauma Erodes Financial Returns of Educational Attainment.
Assari S, Donovan A. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2025;5(1):40-53. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2025.1199. Epub 2025 Feb 14. Open J Educ Res. 2025. PMID: 40083479 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether lifetime trauma exposure diminishes the positive association between educational attainment and poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), a key indicator of economic well-being. ...CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend the MDRs framework by highlig …
OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether lifetime trauma exposure diminishes the positive association between educational attainment an …
Unequal Returns: Education Fails to Fully Prepare Black and Latino Americans for Retirement.
Assari S, Najand B, Zare H, Sonnega A. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2024;4(6):392-401. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1104. Epub 2024 Nov 21. Open J Educ Res. 2024. PMID: 39635191 Free PMC article.
Education is often viewed as a key driver of retirement preparedness, as it is linked to higher earnings, better financial literacy, and improved decision-making. However, the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the economic, cognitive, and behaviora …
Education is often viewed as a key driver of retirement preparedness, as it is linked to higher earnings, better financial literacy, and imp …
COVID-19 Pandemic as an Equalizer of the Health Returns of Educational Attainment for Black and White Americans.
Rahmani A, Najand B, Maharlouei N, Zare H, Assari S. Rahmani A, et al. Among authors: assari s. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024 Jun;11(3):1223-1237. doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01601-w. Epub 2023 Jul 25. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024. PMID: 37490210 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has immensely impacted the social and personal lives of individuals around the globe. Marginalized-related diminished returns (MDRs) theory suggests that educational attainment shows a weaker protective effect for health and behavioral outcome …
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has immensely impacted the social and personal lives of individuals around the globe. Marginalized-related …
Parental Education and Spanking of American Children: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. World J Educ Res. 2020;7(3):19-44. doi: 10.22158/wjer.v7n3p19. World J Educ Res. 2020. PMID: 32734000
BACKGROUND: Based on the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, high socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental education shows weaker protective effects against adverse experiences for Blacks than Whites. ...Not all health disparities are due to raci …
BACKGROUND: Based on the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, high socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental …
High Education, Low Returns: Financial Literacy Challenges for African Americans and Hispanics.
Assari S, Zare H, Sonnega A. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2024;4(6):381-391. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1112. Epub 2024 Nov 19. Open J Educ Res. 2024. PMID: 39618475 Free PMC article.
Even among highly educated individuals, African American and Hispanic populations may face challenges in financial literacy, likely due to structural racism and socioeconomic inequalities that diminish the benefits of education. This study examines the relationship between …
Even among highly educated individuals, African American and Hispanic populations may face challenges in financial literacy, likely due to s …
Allostatic load in the US general population: Race and educational intersection.
Zare H, Najand B, Fugal A, Assari S. Zare H, et al. Among authors: assari s. Public Health Pract (Oxf). 2023 Sep 6;6:100425. doi: 10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100425. eCollection 2023 Dec. Public Health Pract (Oxf). 2023. PMID: 37711501 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVES: Educational attainment is a protective factor against poor health, but high educational attainment has a weaker effect on black people than on white people; this pattern has been called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). Using a national sample …
OBJECTIVES: Educational attainment is a protective factor against poor health, but high educational attainment has a weaker effect on black …
Extreme Heat Exposure and Adolescent Cognitive Function.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Neurosci. 2025;3(1):1247. doi: 10.31586/ojn.2025.1247. Epub 2025 Jan 16. Open J Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 39886695 Free PMC article.
CONCLUSIONS: Extreme heat exposure is linked to diminished cognitive function in children, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged and marginalized populations. ...
CONCLUSIONS: Extreme heat exposure is linked to diminished cognitive function in children, particularly among socio-economically disa …
Intersectional Effects of Race and Educational Attainment on Memory Function of Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Alzheimer's Disease.
Rahmani A, Najand B, Sonnega A, Akhlaghipour G, Mendez MF, Assari S; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Rahmani A, et al. Among authors: assari s. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024 Feb;11(1):81-91. doi: 10.1007/s40615-022-01499-w. Epub 2022 Dec 28. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024. PMID: 36576695
According to the Marginalized-Related Diminished Return (MDR) theory, for example, the protective effect of high educational attainment on mental and physical health shows a weaker protective effect for racial minority groups, particularly Black people compared to White in …
According to the Marginalized-Related Diminished Return (MDR) theory, for example, the protective effect of high educational attainme …
Tobacco Susceptibility Explains Diminished Returns of Family Income on Black Adolescents' Tobacco Initiation.
Assari S, Sheikhattari P. Assari S, et al. Open J Psychol. 2024;4(1):30-41. doi: 10.31586/ojp.2024.1037. Epub 2024 Aug 27. Open J Psychol. 2024. PMID: 39435051 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that socioeconomic resources have weaker protective effects on health and behavior for racial and ethnic minorities compared to Whites. ...CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco susceptibility explains some of the diminished …
BACKGROUND: Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that socioeconomic resources have weaker protective effects on health …
Walking the Divide: A Public Health Journey from Manhattan to Harlem.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. J Soc Math Hum Eng Sci. 2024;3(1):7-15. doi: 10.31586/jsmhes.2024.1018. Epub 2024 Aug 11. J Soc Math Hum Eng Sci. 2024. PMID: 39219735 Free PMC article.
This paper also highlights the concept of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), where the benefits of education and income are less pronounced for minority individuals compared to their White counterparts, further perpetuating cycles of disadvantage. ...
This paper also highlights the concept of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), where the benefits of education and income are less …
Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States.
Barsha RAA, Najand B, Zare H, Assari S. Barsha RAA, et al. Among authors: assari s. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2024;8(1):16-25. doi: 10.29245/2578-2959/2024/1.1299. Epub 2024 Jan 5. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2024. PMID: 38455255 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVES: Although educational attainment is a major social determinant of health, according to Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), the effect of education tends to be weaker for marginalized groups compared to the privileged groups. ...
OBJECTIVES: Although educational attainment is a major social determinant of health, according to Marginalization-related Diminished …
Household Income and Offspring Education Explain Blacks' Diminished Returns of Parental Education.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Psychol. 2024;4(1):18-29. doi: 10.31586/ojp.2024.986. Epub 2024 Jul 18. Open J Psychol. 2024. PMID: 39091591 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: High parental education promotes various aspects of offspring well-being including reducing their risk of depression/anxiety, criminal justice involvement, and welfare reliance. However, according to minorities' diminished returns, these benefits are not equal …
BACKGROUND: High parental education promotes various aspects of offspring well-being including reducing their risk of depression/anxiety, cr …
Household Income and Subsequent Youth Tobacco Initiation: Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Najand B, Sheikhattari P. Assari S, et al. J Med Surg Public Health. 2024 Apr;2:100063. doi: 10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100063. Epub 2024 Feb 2. J Med Surg Public Health. 2024. PMID: 38425566 Free PMC article.
INTRODUCTION: Household income, a prominent socioeconomic status (SES) indicator, is known to mitigate youth engagement in various health risk behaviors, including tobacco use. Nevertheless, the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory suggests that this protective effect may …
INTRODUCTION: Household income, a prominent socioeconomic status (SES) indicator, is known to mitigate youth engagement in various health ri …
Unequal Impact of Flavored Tobacco Across Populations: From Neuroscience to Policy.
Assari S, Farhoudian A. Assari S, et al. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2025 Nov;16(6):1003-1016. doi: 10.32598/bcn.2025.216.1. Epub 2025 Nov 1. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 42238751 Free PMC article. Review.
While taxes and smoke-free laws reduce tobacco use at the population level, disadvantaged minority groups often experience weaker benefits due to uneven policy adoption, limited enforcement, targeted industry marketing, and reduced access to cessation resources. The Minorities' …
While taxes and smoke-free laws reduce tobacco use at the population level, disadvantaged minority groups often experience weaker benefits d …
Handing Money to the Poor Is Never Enough: The Impact of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Glob J Epidemol Infect Dis. 2024;4(1):34-43. doi: 10.31586/gjeid.2024.1026. Epub 2024 Aug 14. Glob J Epidemol Infect Dis. 2024. PMID: 39220144 Free PMC article.
We then apply the theory and empirical evidence on marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) also called minorities diminished returns (MDRs) to elucidate the weak or null effects of cash transfers in the lives of marginalized populations. ...
We then apply the theory and empirical evidence on marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) also called minorities dimini …
College Graduation and Wealth Accumulation: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. World J Educ Res. 2020;7(3):1-18. doi: 10.22158/wjer.v7n3p1. Epub 2020 Jun 28. World J Educ Res. 2020. PMID: 32802944
BACKGROUND: Based on the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status (SES), such as high maternal educational attainment, show weaker protective effects on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for Black than Wh …
BACKGROUND: Based on the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status (SES), such as high …
Black Americans' Diminished Return of Educational Attainment on Tobacco Use in Baltimore City.
Barsha RAA, Assari S, Hossain MB, Apata J, Sheikhattari P. Barsha RAA, et al. Among authors: assari s. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2023 Dec;10(6):3178-3187. doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01805-0. Epub 2023 Sep 27. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2023. PMID: 37755685 Free PMC article.
However, according to the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) theory, the association between education and health may be weaker for marginalized populations such as Black than White, primarily due to racism and discrimination. ...The study emphasizes the nee …
However, according to the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) theory, the association between education and health may …
Marital Status and Physical Health: Racial Differences.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2019 Summer;6(3):108-113. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2019. PMID: 31572801 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Return theory, the association between socioeconomic status and health is weaker for racial and ethnic minorities compared to Whites. ...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Return theory, the association between socioeconomic status and …
"To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Pallera JA, Zare H. Assari S, et al. J Biomed Life Sci. 2025;5(1):67-83. doi: 10.31586/jbls.2025.1158. Epub 2025 May 5. J Biomed Life Sci. 2025. PMID: 41104070 Free PMC article.
"To Be Twice as Good to Get Half" is a common mindset among high aspiration and ambition Black individuals in the U.S., capturing the lived reality of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). This paper explains that MDRs reflect how, even with high levels of ambition, self- …
"To Be Twice as Good to Get Half" is a common mindset among high aspiration and ambition Black individuals in the U.S., capturing the lived …
Highly Educated Black Americans Report Higher than Expected Perceived Job Demands.
Hogan T, Mancia A, Ndiaye K, Rodriguez B, Najand B, Zare H, Assari S. Hogan T, et al. Among authors: assari s. J Rehabil Ther. 2023;5(2):11-17. doi: 10.29245/2767-5122/2024/2.1138. Epub 2023 Dec 26. J Rehabil Ther. 2023. PMID: 38742232 Free PMC article.
However, the way in which educational attainment correlates with perceived job demands may be inconsistent across racial groups as suggested by Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). The aim was to test the moderating effect of race on the association between educational a …
However, the way in which educational attainment correlates with perceived job demands may be inconsistent across racial groups as suggested …
Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Children's Amygdala Volume: Minorities' Diminish Returns.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. NeuroSci. 2020 Dec;1(2):59-74. doi: 10.3390/neurosci1020006. Epub 2020 Oct 5. NeuroSci. 2020. PMID: 33103157
Considering race and ethnicity as sociological rather than biological constructs, this study was built on minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) to test if the effects of family SES on the total amygdala volume is weaker for black and Latino children than white and non-Lati …
Considering race and ethnicity as sociological rather than biological constructs, this study was built on minorities' diminished retu …
Unequal Gain of Equal Resources across Racial Groups.
Assari S. Assari S. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2018 Jan 1;7(1):1-9. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.90. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2018. PMID: 29325397 Free PMC article.
This article summarizes the results of a growing body of evidence documenting Blacks' diminished return, defined as a systematically smaller health gain from economic resources and psychological assets for Blacks in comparison to Whites. ...
This article summarizes the results of a growing body of evidence documenting Blacks' diminished return, defined as a systematically …
Latinos' diminished returns of educational attainment on reducing food insecurity: the role of ethnic disparities in family structure and employment.
Assari S. Assari S. Front Public Health. 2024 Aug 19;12:1407005. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1407005. eCollection 2024. Front Public Health. 2024. PMID: 39224560 Free PMC article.
However, marginalized and racialized groups, especially Latinos, often do not experience the same economic and health benefits from their educational achievements as non-Latino Whites, highlighting a pattern of diminished returns within these communities. AIMS: This study …
However, marginalized and racialized groups, especially Latinos, often do not experience the same economic and health benefits from their ed …
Education Does Not Equally Increase Financial Well-being for All.
Assari S, Zare H, Sonnega A. Assari S, et al. J Soc Math Hum Eng Sci. 2024;3(1):62-74. doi: 10.31586/jsmhes.2024.1113. Epub 2024 Nov 15. J Soc Math Hum Eng Sci. 2024. PMID: 39886024 Free PMC article.
However, the returns of education on financial well-being are not uniform across racial, ethnic, and nativity groups. The theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggests that the positive effects of education on outcomes such as income and financial security are w …
However, the returns of education on financial well-being are not uniform across racial, ethnic, and nativity groups. The theory of Minoriti …
Unequal Associations between Educational Attainment and Occupational Stress across Racial and Ethnic Groups.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Sep 21;16(19):3539. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16193539. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019. PMID: 31546681 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Although other mechanisms are also involved, at least one reason high educational attainment (EA) is associated with better health is lower employment stress in individuals with high EA. Minorities' Diminished Returns, however, refer to the smaller protective h …
BACKGROUND: Although other mechanisms are also involved, at least one reason high educational attainment (EA) is associated with better heal …
Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Numeracy Score of Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.
Assari S, Zare H, Akhlaghipour G, Mendez MF. Assari S, et al. Open J Neurosci. 2024;2(1):14-24. doi: 10.31586/ojn.2024.1098. Epub 2024 Nov 5. Open J Neurosci. 2024. PMID: 39717068 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment is a well-established social determinant of various domains of cognitive function across the lifespan. However, the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggests that the health benefits of educational attainment tend to be wea …
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment is a well-established social determinant of various domains of cognitive function across the lifespan. Ho …
Racial Differences in Biopsychosocial Pathways to Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among Youth.
Assari S. Assari S. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025 Aug;12(4):2115-2127. doi: 10.1007/s40615-024-02035-8. Epub 2024 May 28. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025. PMID: 38807026 Free PMC article.
This discrepancy may be attributed to the compounded effects of racism, where psychosocial mechanisms might be more diminished for Black youth than White youth. These findings support the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns rather than the cumulative disadvanta …
This discrepancy may be attributed to the compounded effects of racism, where psychosocial mechanisms might be more diminished for Bl …
Mental Rotation in American Children: Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Black Families.
Assari S. Assari S. Pediatr Rep. 2020 Nov 20;12(3):130-141. doi: 10.3390/pediatric12030028. Pediatr Rep. 2020. PMID: 33233814 Free PMC article.
Background: While parental education and family socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with an increase in children's cognitive functioning, and less is known about racial variation in these effects. Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that, under racism and s …
Background: While parental education and family socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with an increase in children's cognitive functioni …
Educational Attainment Better Protects Non-Latino than Latino People Against Diabetes Mellitus.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Glob J Cardiovasc Dis. 2025;4(1):1099. doi: 10.31586/gjcd.2025.1099. Epub 2025 May 4. Glob J Cardiovasc Dis. 2025. PMID: 40357387 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: High educational attainment is a well-recognized protective factor against health problems such as diabetes. However, the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggests that this protective effect is weaker for ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino …
BACKGROUND: High educational attainment is a well-recognized protective factor against health problems such as diabetes. However, the theory …
Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences.
Assari S. Assari S. Children (Basel). 2020 Jun 3;7(6):57. doi: 10.3390/children7060057. Children (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32503310 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority …
BACKGROUND: Minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental e …
Place-Based Diminished Returns of Economic Resources in Rural America: A Framework for Understanding Geography-Conditioned Inequality.
Assari S, Pallera JA, Najand B, Azadi M, Zare H. Assari S, et al. J Soc Math Hum Eng Sci. 2025;4(1):6067. doi: 10.31586/jsmhes.2025.6067. Epub 2025 Oct 1. J Soc Math Hum Eng Sci. 2025. PMID: 41322072 Free PMC article.
The theory of Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) has primarily focused on racial and ethnic disparities, showing that individuals from racially marginalized groups often experience weaker protective effects of SES. ...We extend the MDRs framework to include …
The theory of Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) has primarily focused on racial and ethnic disparities, showing that …
Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Body Mass Index Among Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Glob J Epidemol Infect Dis. 2024;4(1):92-104. doi: 10.31586/gjeid.2024.1096. Epub 2024 Nov 21. Glob J Epidemol Infect Dis. 2024. PMID: 39634512 Free PMC article.
However, according to the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), the health benefits of education tend to be weaker for ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites, due to structural inequalities and social disadvantages. ...CONCLUSION: This study provides ev …
However, according to the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), the health benefits of education tend to be weaker for eth …
Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans.
Assari S, Cobb S, Saqib M, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2020;14:5-12. doi: 10.2174/1874192402014010005. Epub 2020 Apr 16. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2020. PMID: 32399080 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majo …
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization …
Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index.
Assari S, Boyce S. Assari S, et al. Neurol Int. 2021 Mar 4;13(1):85-101. doi: 10.3390/neurolint13010009. Neurol Int. 2021. PMID: 33806587 Free PMC article.
INTRODUCTION: Although the putamen has a significant role in reward-seeking and motivated behaviors, including eating and food-seeking, minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) suggest that individual-level risk and protective factors have weaker effects for Non-Hispanic Blac …
INTRODUCTION: Although the putamen has a significant role in reward-seeking and motivated behaviors, including eating and food-seeking, mino …
High Socioeconomic Status Black Adolescents Attend Worse Schools than Whites.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2025;5(1):1-12. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2025.1160. Epub 2025 Jan 24. Open J Educ Res. 2025. PMID: 39906247 Free PMC article.
Families often use their socioeconomic resources, such as parental education and household income, to secure access to high-quality schools with favorable attributes. However, Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that Black families may not experience the …
Families often use their socioeconomic resources, such as parental education and household income, to secure access to high-quality schools …
Parental Human Capital and Adolescents' Executive Function: Immigrants' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Akhlaghipour G, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Med Res Arch. 2020 Oct;8(10):10.18103/mra.v8i10.2235. doi: 10.18103/mra.v8i10.2235. Epub 2020 Nov 16. Med Res Arch. 2020. PMID: 33251336 Free PMC article.
Racial minorities, particularly non-Hispanic Blacks in the US, experience weaker effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) on tangible outcomes, a pattern called Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). These MDRs are frequently shown for the effects of family SEP on im …
Racial minorities, particularly non-Hispanic Blacks in the US, experience weaker effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) on tangible …
Differential protective effects of Family Income-to-Poverty-Ratio on electronic cigarette, depression, and obesity of Black and White Americans.
Assari S. Assari S. AIMS Public Health. 2024 Dec 11;11(4):1157-1171. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2024060. eCollection 2024. AIMS Public Health. 2024. PMID: 39802568 Free PMC article.
This discrepancy is indicative of a phenomenon known as the minorities' diminished returns. AIMS: This study investigates the differential impact of the FIPR on depression, obesity, tobacco use, and e-cigarette use between Black and White adults. ...
This discrepancy is indicative of a phenomenon known as the minorities' diminished returns. AIMS: This study investigates the differe …
Association Between Parental Educational Attainment and Youth Outcomes and Role of Race/Ethnicity.
Assari S, Caldwell CH, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Nov 1;2(11):e1916018. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16018. JAMA Netw Open. 2019. PMID: 31755951 Free PMC article.
IMPORTANCE: The concept of minorities' diminished returns refers to the smaller protective effects of educational attainment for racial and ethnic minority groups compared with those for majority groups. ...Given the systemic pattern for outcomes across domains, the dim …
IMPORTANCE: The concept of minorities' diminished returns refers to the smaller protective effects of educational attainment for raci …
Race, Educational Attainment, and Sustained High Body Mass Index over 24 Years of Follow-up in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.
Assari S, Cobb S, Najand B, Zare H, Sonnega A. Assari S, et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024 Apr;11(2):1097-1105. doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01589-3. Epub 2023 May 2. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024. PMID: 37129782 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment has been linked to reduced risk of health problems such as obesity, but research suggests that this effect may be weaker for non-Hispanic Black individuals compared to non-Hispanic White individuals, a pattern known as minorities' diminished …
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment has been linked to reduced risk of health problems such as obesity, but research suggests that this effec …
Race, College Graduation, and Time of Retirement in the United States: A Thirty-Year Longitudinal Cohort of Middle-Aged and Older Adults.
Assari S, Sonnega A, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2024 Sep 5;4(5):228-242. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1029. Epub 2024 Aug 16. Open J Educ Res. 2024. PMID: 39239467 Free PMC article.
CONCLUSION: Consistent with Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, the positive effect of college education on retirement timing are weaker for Black than for White middle-aged and older Americans. ...Structural factors contributing to the diminished returns of coll …
CONCLUSION: Consistent with Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, the positive effect of college education on retirement timing are …
Life Expectancy Gain Due to Employment Status Depends on Race, Gender, Education, and Their Intersections.
Assari S. Assari S. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018 Apr;5(2):375-386. doi: 10.1007/s40615-017-0381-x. Epub 2017 Jun 20. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018. PMID: 28634876 Free PMC article.
In the pooled sample, baseline employment interacted with race (HR = .69, 95% CI = .49-.96), gender (HR = .73, 95% CI = .53-1.01), and education (HR = .64, 95% CI = .46-.88) on mortality, suggesting diminished protective effects for Blacks, women, and individuals with lowe …
In the pooled sample, baseline employment interacted with race (HR = .69, 95% CI = .49-.96), gender (HR = .73, 95% CI = .53-1.01), and educa …
Diminished Economic Return of Socioeconomic Status for Black Families.
Assari S. Assari S. Soc Sci (Basel). 2018 May;7(5):74. doi: 10.3390/socsci7050074. Epub 2018 May 2. Soc Sci (Basel). 2018. PMID: 32832108 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: According to the Minorities' Diminished Return theory, socioeconomic status (SES) systemically generates larger gains for Whites compared to Blacks. ...Policies should specifically address structural barriers in the lives of racial and ethnic minorities to mini …
BACKGROUND: According to the Minorities' Diminished Return theory, socioeconomic status (SES) systemically generates larger gains for …
Role of Impulsivity in Explaining Social Gradient in Youth Tobacco Use Initiation: Does Race Matter?
Assari S, Sheikhattari P. Assari S, et al. Open J Neurosci. 2024;2(1):1-13. doi: 10.31586/ojn.2024.1052. Epub 2024 Aug 27. Open J Neurosci. 2024. PMID: 39431172 Free PMC article.
However, this pathway may not hold uniformly across racial groups due to differences in impulsivity and the phenomenon of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), where the protective effects of SES, such as educational attainment, tend to be weaker or even reversed for Blac …
However, this pathway may not hold uniformly across racial groups due to differences in impulsivity and the phenomenon of Minorities' Dim …
The Unequal Effect of Income on Risk of Overweight/Obesity of Whites and Blacks with Knee Osteoarthritis: the Osteoarthritis Initiative.
Assari S, Bazargan M, Chalian M. Assari S, et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020 Aug;7(4):776-784. doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00719-5. Epub 2020 Feb 21. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020. PMID: 32086795 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Although the protective effect of socioeconomic status (SES) against risk of overweight/obesity is well established, such effects may not be equal across diverse racial and ethnic groups, as suggested by the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDR) theo …
BACKGROUND: Although the protective effect of socioeconomic status (SES) against risk of overweight/obesity is well established, such effect …
Unequal Effect of Educational Attainment on Reducing Poverty and Welfare; Diminished Returns of American Indian/Alaska Native Populations.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. J Rehabil Ther. 2024;6(2):1-11. doi: 10.29245/2767-5122/2024/2.1143. Epub 2024 Jun 19. J Rehabil Ther. 2024. PMID: 39100915 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) communities face pronounced economic and health disparities compared to White Americans, a situation rooted in long-standing historical injustices and segregation. The theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDR) provi …
BACKGROUND: American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) communities face pronounced economic and health disparities compared to White Americans …
Prefrontal Cortex Response to Threat: Race by Age Variation in 9-10 Year Old Children.
Assari S, Akhlaghipour G, Saqib M, Boyce S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2020;4(4):1-12. doi: 10.29245/2578-2959/2020/4.1209. Epub 2020 Oct 12. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2020. PMID: 33241232
BACKGROUND: Considerable research has suggested that race and age are two major determinants of brain development, including but not limited to development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggests that race (as a proxy of rac …
BACKGROUND: Considerable research has suggested that race and age are two major determinants of brain development, including but not limited …
Educational Attainment Better Reduces Disability for Non-Hispanic than Hispanic Americans.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2020 Mar;10(1):10-17. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe10010002. Epub 2019 Jul 17. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2020. PMID: 32089977 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVES: Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) refers to the weaker protective health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) for minorities, particularly educational attainment for racial and ethnic minorities, compared to the general population. ...
OBJECTIVES: Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) refers to the weaker protective health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) for mi …
Minorities' Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hospitalization Risk: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Hosp Pract Res. 2019 Summer;4(3):86-91. doi: 10.15171/HPR.2019.17. Epub 2019 Sep 18. Hosp Pract Res. 2019. PMID: 31650101 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, educational attainment shows a weaker protective effect for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to non-Hispanic Whites. ...To prevent health disparities, there is a need to minimize dim …
BACKGROUND: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, educational attainment shows a weaker protective effect …
Black Americans' Diminished Health Returns of Professional Occupations: A Thirty-Year Follow-Up Study of Middle-Aged and Older Adults.
Assari S. Assari S. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025 Aug;12(4):2103-2114. doi: 10.1007/s40615-024-02034-9. Epub 2024 May 28. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025. PMID: 38807025 Free PMC article.
CONCLUSION: Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, our findings indicated less pronounced positive effects of professional occupations on a wide range of health outcomes for Non-Latino Black individuals compared to Non-Latino Whites. These disparities e …
CONCLUSION: Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, our findings indicated less pronounced positive effects of pro …
African Americans' Diminished Returns of Parental Education on Adolescents' Depression and Suicide in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2020 Jun;10(2):656-668. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe10020048. Epub 2020 Jun 16. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2020. PMID: 32656052 Free PMC article.
As proposed by the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), parental education generates fewer tangible outcomes for non-White compared to White families. Our existing knowledge is very limited regarding diminished returns of parental education and marital …
As proposed by the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), parental education generates fewer tangible outcomes for non-Wh …
Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hypertension Prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Glob J Cardiovasc Dis. 2025;4(1):11-21. doi: 10.31586/gjcd.2025.1148. Epub 2025 Jan 23. Glob J Cardiovasc Dis. 2025. PMID: 39949785 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Research on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) consistently reveals that social determinants of health, especially educational attainment, do not yield equal health benefits across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. MDRs suggest that social strat …
BACKGROUND: Research on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) consistently reveals that social determinants of health, especially edu …
Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Neurosci. 2025;3(1):1263. doi: 10.31586/ojn.2025.1263. Epub 2025 Jan 24. Open J Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 39950189 Free PMC article.
However, the effects of parental employment may not be equally protective across racial groups. The Minority Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) factors, such as employment, yield fewer protective benefits for Black families compare …
However, the effects of parental employment may not be equally protective across racial groups. The Minority Diminished Returns (MDRs …
Black-White Achievement Gap: Role of Race, School Urbanity, and Parental Education.
Assari S, Mardani A, Maleki M, Boyce S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2021 Jan 6;12:1-11. doi: 10.2147/PHMT.S238877. eCollection 2021. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2021. PMID: 33442317 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Recent research on Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) has documented weaker boosting effects of parental educational attainment on educational outcomes of Black than White students. ...Given that Blacks are more likely than Whites to attend urban …
BACKGROUND: Recent research on Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) has documented weaker boosting effects of parental e …
Social Determinants of Hookah Smoking in the United States.
Assari S, Chalian H, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2020;4(1):21-27. doi: 10.29245/2578-2959/2020/1.1185. Epub 2020 Jan 17. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2020. PMID: 32285045 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment and income are two socioeconomic status indicators with strong protective effects against cigarette smoking. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns, however, refer to less than expected protective effects of socioeconomic status indic …
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment and income are two socioeconomic status indicators with strong protective effects against cigarette smoki …
Protective Effects of Parental Education Against Youth Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Blacks and Hispanics.
Assari S, Mistry R, Caldwell CH, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2020 May 22;11:63-71. doi: 10.2147/AHMT.S238441. eCollection 2020. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2020. PMID: 32547284 Free PMC article.
According to the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, however, higher parental education is less protective for marginalized groups relative to non-Hispanic Whites. ...
According to the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, however, higher parental education is less protective for …
Exposure to Adverse Life Events among Children Transitioning into Adolescence: Intersections of Socioeconomic Position and Race.
Assari S, Najand B, Donovan A. Assari S, et al. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2024;8(1):5-15. doi: 10.29245/2578-2959/2024/1.1293. Epub 2024 Jan 4. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2024. PMID: 38455256 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Racism is shown to diminish the protective effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) resources for racial minorities compared to the majority groups, a pattern called minorities' diminished returns. Our existing knowledge is minimal about diminis …
BACKGROUND: Racism is shown to diminish the protective effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) resources for racial minorities …
Immigrants' diminished protective effects of parental education and employment on youth mood disorders in Sweden.
Assari S, Osooli M, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Assari S, et al. BMC Psychiatry. 2025 Aug 20;25(1):800. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-07264-7. BMC Psychiatry. 2025. PMID: 40836277 Free PMC article.
This phenomenon is referred to as Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs). Existing knowledge on diminished returns of SES indicators primarily stems from cross-sectional comparisons of racial groups of adults in the US. ...
This phenomenon is referred to as Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs). Existing knowledge on diminished returns …
Income and Self-Rated Mental Health: Diminished Returns for High Income Black Americans.
Assari S, Lapeyrouse LM, Neighbors HW. Assari S, et al. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018 May 17;8(5):50. doi: 10.3390/bs8050050. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29772799 Free PMC article.
Background: The minorities' diminished return theory suggests that socioeconomic position (SEP) generates smaller health gains for racial/ethnic minorities compared to Whites. ...Conclusion: Supporting the minorities' diminished return theory, our study documents di …
Background: The minorities' diminished return theory suggests that socioeconomic position (SEP) generates smaller health gains for ra …
Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Thomas A, Cobb RJ, Hudson D, Curry TJ, Nicholson HL Jr, Cuevas AG, Mistry R, Chavous TM, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Assari S, et al. Children (Basel). 2021 May 18;8(5):412. doi: 10.3390/children8050412. Children (Basel). 2021. PMID: 34070118 Free PMC article.
Simultaneously, the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) framework suggests that, due to structural racism and social stratification, returns of parental education are smaller for black and other racial/ethnic minority children compared to their white counterp …
Simultaneously, the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) framework suggests that, due to structural racism and social st …
Maternal Education at Birth and Youth Breakfast Consumption at Age 15: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH, Mincy R. Assari S, et al. J (Basel). 2020 Sep;3(3):313-323. doi: 10.3390/j3030024. Epub 2020 Sep 16. J (Basel). 2020. PMID: 33015572
BACKGROUND: Based on the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, high socioeconomic status (SES) such as parental education shows weaker effects for Blacks than Whites. ...The health disparities are not only due to racial differences in SES but also th …
BACKGROUND: Based on the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, high socioeconomic status (SES) such as parenta …
Educational Attainment and Subjective Health and Well-Being; Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Aug 22;9(9):90. doi: 10.3390/bs9090090. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019. PMID: 31443340 Free PMC article.
Background: Educational attainment is one of the strongest determinants of subjective health and well-being. Minorities' Diminished Returns, however, suggests that such an effect may be smaller for the members of racial/ethnic minorities such as Blacks and Hispanics relati …
Background: Educational attainment is one of the strongest determinants of subjective health and well-being. Minorities' Diminished R …
Parental Educational Attainment and Academic Performance of American College Students; Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. J Health Econ Dev. 2019 Spring;1(1):21-31. J Health Econ Dev. 2019. PMID: 31372601 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) systemically results in smaller outcomes for non-Whites compared to Whites. We still know very little about diminished trans-generational returns of SES resources …
BACKGROUND: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) systemically results in small …
Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents' Attention: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Children (Basel). 2020 Jul 23;7(8):80. doi: 10.3390/children7080080. Children (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32718077 Free PMC article.
Background: Racial minorities, particularly non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) in the US, experience weaker effects from their families' socioeconomic status on tangible outcomes, a pattern called the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory. These MDRs are frequently shown in …
Background: Racial minorities, particularly non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) in the US, experience weaker effects from their families' socioeconom …
Substance Use among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults; Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status.
Assari S, Smith J, Mistry R, Farokhnia M, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 May 23;16(10):1826. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101826. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019. PMID: 31126049 Free PMC article.
Smoking and drinking may serve as coping mechanisms with financial difficulty, especially among African American older adults. In line with the minorities' diminished returns (MDR) theory, and probably due to discrimination against racial minorities, educational attainment …
Smoking and drinking may serve as coping mechanisms with financial difficulty, especially among African American older adults. In line with …
Socioeconomic Status and Current Cigarette Smoking Status: Immigrants' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020 Spring;8(2):66-72. doi: 10.34172/IJTMGH.2020.11. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020. PMID: 32656271
This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). However, most of the MDRs literature is derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race and ethnicity. ...
This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). However, most of the MDRs literature is derived from studie …
Blacks' Diminished Return of Education Attainment on Subjective Health; Mediating Effect of Income.
Assari S. Assari S. Brain Sci. 2018 Sep 12;8(9):176. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8090176. Brain Sci. 2018. PMID: 30213135 Free PMC article.
Background: Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) can be defined as smaller health gains from socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, such as education attainment among ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. ...
Background: Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) can be defined as smaller health gains from socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, su …
High Income Protects Whites but Not African Americans against Risk of Depression.
Assari S. Assari S. Healthcare (Basel). 2018 Apr 23;6(2):37. doi: 10.3390/healthcare6020037. Healthcare (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29690595 Free PMC article.
Conclusion: In line with the Blacks’ diminished return theory, household income better protects Whites than African Americans against MDD. The contribution of diminished return of SES as an underlying mechanism behind racial disparities in health in the Un …
Conclusion: In line with the Blacks’ diminished return theory, household income better protects Whites than African America …
Educational Attainment Promotes Fruit and Vegetable Intake for Whites but Not Blacks.
Assari S, Lankarani MM. Assari S, et al. J (Basel). 2018 Dec;1(1):29-41. doi: 10.3390/j1010005. Epub 2018 Jun 3. J (Basel). 2018. PMID: 31844842 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Although the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on health behaviors are well-known, according to the minorities' diminished return theory, the health return of SES, particularly educational attainment, is systemically smaller for minorities than W …
BACKGROUND: Although the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on health behaviors are well-known, according to the minorities' …
Education Attainment and Obesity：Differential Returns Based on Sexual Orientation.
Assari S. Assari S. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Jan 29;9(2):16. doi: 10.3390/bs9020016. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019. PMID: 30699932 Free PMC article.
However, it is still unknown whether these diminished returns also apply to marginalization based on sexual orientation. Aims: In a national sample of adults which was composed of people of color, we compared straight and homosexual people for the association between educa …
However, it is still unknown whether these diminished returns also apply to marginalization based on sexual orientation. Aims: In a n …
Socioeconomic Status and Self-Rated Oral Health; Diminished Return among Hispanic Whites.
Assari S. Assari S. Dent J (Basel). 2018 Apr 24;6(2):11. doi: 10.3390/dj6020011. Dent J (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29695074 Free PMC article.
An extensive body of knowledge has documented weaker health effects of socio-economic status (SES) for Blacks compared to Whites, a phenomenon also known as Blacks’ diminished return. It is, however, unknown whether the same diminished return also holds fo …
An extensive body of knowledge has documented weaker health effects of socio-economic status (SES) for Blacks compared to Whites, a phenomen …
Blacks' Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment: Health and Retirement Study.
Assari S. Assari S. J Med Res Innov. 2020;4(2):e000212. doi: 10.32892/jmri.212. Epub 2020 May 31. J Med Res Innov. 2020. PMID: 34966877
BACKGROUND: Education level reduces the risk of health problems such as poor self-rated health (SRH), high body mass index (BMI), and depressive symptoms (DS). Marginalization - related Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, refer to smaller health benefits of socioeconomic s …
BACKGROUND: Education level reduces the risk of health problems such as poor self-rated health (SRH), high body mass index (BMI), and depres …
Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Cerebellum Cortex Fractional Anisotropy in Pre-Adolescents.
Assari S, Boyce S. Assari S, et al. Adolescents. 2021 Jun;1(2):70-94. doi: 10.3390/adolescents1020007. Epub 2021 Mar 31. Adolescents. 2021. PMID: 34095893
This finding is in line with the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), defined as weaker effects of SES indicators for Blacks and other racial and minority groups than for Whites....
This finding is in line with the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), defined as weaker effects of SES indicators for B …
Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men.
Assari S, Moghani Lankarani M. Assari S, et al. Brain Sci. 2018 Jul 27;8(8):139. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8080139. Brain Sci. 2018. PMID: 30060492 Free PMC article.
Recent research, however, has shown that African Americans gain less from their SES and African Americans of high SES, particularly males, may be vulnerable to perceived discrimination, as explained by the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory. One potential mechanism for …
Recent research, however, has shown that African Americans gain less from their SES and African Americans of high SES, particularly males, m …
Racial Difference in the Relationship Between Health and Happiness in the United States.
Cobb S, Javanbakht A, Khalifeh Soltani E, Bazargan M, Assari S. Cobb S, et al. Among authors: assari s. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020 May 25;13:481-490. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S248633. eCollection 2020. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020. PMID: 32547270 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Although health is a prerequisite for happiness, the salience of health for maintaining happiness may be diminished for Blacks when compared to Whites, a phenomenon which can be explained by the Black-White mental health paradox and minorities' diminished …
BACKGROUND: Although health is a prerequisite for happiness, the salience of health for maintaining happiness may be diminished for B …
Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Children (Basel). 2020 Jul 7;7(7):74. doi: 10.3390/children7070074. Children (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32645933 Free PMC article.
AIM: To assess whether regression toward the mean (RTM) has any role in explaining the diminished effects of parental education on the school performance of Black and Hispanic youth relative to non-Hispanic White youth. ...CONCLUSION: Diminished returns of parental …
AIM: To assess whether regression toward the mean (RTM) has any role in explaining the diminished effects of parental education on th …
Dimensional Change Card Sorting of American Children: Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns of Age.
Assari S. Assari S. Child Teenagers. 2020;3(2):72-92. doi: 10.22158/ct.v3n2p72. Epub 2020 Nov 23. Child Teenagers. 2020. PMID: 33299967
BACKGROUND: While age is associated with an increase in cognitive flexibility and executive functioning as a result of normal development during childhood, less is known about the effect of racial variation in children's age-related cognitive development. The Marginalization-rela …
BACKGROUND: While age is associated with an increase in cognitive flexibility and executive functioning as a result of normal development du …
Race, Education Attainment, and Happiness in the United States.
Assari S. Assari S. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2019 Spring;6(2):76-82. doi: 10.15171/ijer.2019.14. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2019. PMID: 31363495 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As suggests by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, education attainment and other socioeconomic status (SES) indicators have a smaller impact on the health and well-being of non-White than White Americans. ...Therefore, there is a ne …
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As suggests by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, education attainment and other socioeconom …
Diminished Returns of Income Against Cigarette Smoking Among Chinese Americans.
Assari S. Assari S. J Health Econ Dev. 2019 Summer;1(2):1-8. Epub 2019 Oct 1. J Health Econ Dev. 2019. PMID: 32195481
INTRODUCTION: Although educational attainment and income are protective against tobacco use, Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators may be smaller for marginalized groups than mai …
INTRODUCTION: Although educational attainment and income are protective against tobacco use, Marginalization-related Diminished Retur …
Education and Income Predict Future Emotional Well-Being of Whites but Not Blacks: A Ten-Year Cohort.
Assari S, Preiser B, Kelly M. Assari S, et al. Brain Sci. 2018 Jun 29;8(7):122. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8070122. Brain Sci. 2018. PMID: 29966278 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: The Minorities’ Diminished Return (MDR) theory is defined as systematically smaller effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on the health and well-being of minority groups when compared to Whites. ...
BACKGROUND: The Minorities’ Diminished Return (MDR) theory is defined as systematically smaller effects of socioeconomic st …
Race and Urbanity Alter the Protective Effect of Education but not Income on Mortality.
Assari S, Lankarani MM. Assari S, et al. Front Public Health. 2016 May 20;4:100. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00100. eCollection 2016. Front Public Health. 2016. PMID: 27242992 Free PMC article.
Differential effect of education on employment and health care may explain the different protective effect of education based on race and place. Findings support the "diminishing returns" hypothesis for Blacks....
Differential effect of education on employment and health care may explain the different protective effect of education based on race and pl …
Mathematical Performance of American Youth: Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment of Asian-American Parents.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Educ Sci (Basel). 2020 Feb;10(2):32. Epub 2020 Feb 5. Educ Sci (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32201681 Free PMC article.
The Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDR) phenomenon refers to the weaker effects of parental educational attainment for marginalized groups, particularly ethnic minorities. ...While high parental educational attainment contributes to youth educational outcomes, …
The Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDR) phenomenon refers to the weaker effects of parental educational attainment for m …
Unequal Protective Effects of Parental Educational Attainment on the Body Mass Index of Black and White Youth.
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Mincy R, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Sep 27;16(19):3641. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16193641. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019. PMID: 31569829 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Parental educational attainment is shown to be protective against health problems; the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, however, posits that these protective effects tend to be smaller for socially marginalized groups particularly blacks than whites. ...E …
BACKGROUND: Parental educational attainment is shown to be protective against health problems; the Minorities' Diminished Returns the …
Cingulo-opercular and Cingulo-parietal Brain Networks Functional Connectivity in Pre-adolescents: Multiplicative Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Parental Education.
Assari S. Assari S. Res Health Sci. 2021;6(2):76-99. doi: 10.22158/rhs.v6n2p76. Res Health Sci. 2021. PMID: 34734154
INTRODUCTION: A growing body of research has shown a diminished association between socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and a wide range of neuroimaging indicators for racial and ethnic minorities compared to majority groups. ...CONCLUSIONS: In line with the Minorities' …
INTRODUCTION: A growing body of research has shown a diminished association between socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and a wide …
Parental Educational Attainment and Mental Well-Being of College Students; Diminished Returns of Blacks.
Assari S. Assari S. Brain Sci. 2018 Oct 29;8(11):193. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8110193. Brain Sci. 2018. PMID: 30380617 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, the health returns of socioeconomic status (SES) are systemically smaller for Blacks compared to Whites. Less is known, however, about trans-generational aspects of such diminished gains. For …
BACKGROUND: According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, the health returns of socioeconomic status (SES) are system …
Uneven Impact of Maternal Education at Birth on High School Grades of Black and White Students.
Assari S, Jahromi M, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2025;5(1):54-64. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2025.1169. Epub 2025 Feb 16. Open J Educ Res. 2025. PMID: 40027580 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: The Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that social determinants of health, such as parental education, exert weaker protective effects on health and educational outcomes in racialized and minoritized populations compared to White populations. . …
BACKGROUND: The Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that social determinants of health, such as parental education, e …
Socioeconomic Determinants of Systolic Blood Pressure; Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. J Health Econ Dev. 2019 Spring;1(1):1-11. J Health Econ Dev. 2019. PMID: 31428747
BACKGROUND: Although socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with better health, the protective effects of high SEP may be smaller for racial and ethnic minorities than Whites, as explained by Minorities' Diminished Returns theory. It is still unknown whether the associ …
BACKGROUND: Although socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with better health, the protective effects of high SEP may be smaller for ra …
Parental Education, Household Income, and Cortical Surface Area among 9-10 Years Old Children: Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Brain Sci. 2020 Dec 9;10(12):956. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10120956. Brain Sci. 2020. PMID: 33317053 Free PMC article.
Introduction: Although the effects of parental education and household income on children's brain development are well established, less is known about possible variation in these effects across diverse racial and ethnic groups. According to the Minorities' Diminished Retu …
Introduction: Although the effects of parental education and household income on children's brain development are well established, less is …
Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment Among Immigrant Adults in the United States.
Assari S, Cobb S, Cuevas AG, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2020 Nov 27;11:535624. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.535624. eCollection 2020. Front Psychiatry. 2020. PMID: 33329080 Free PMC article.
Objectives: Marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker health effects of educational attainment for socially marginalized groups compared to the socially privileged groups. ...To prevent health disparities, it is essential to decompose health inequal …
Objectives: Marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker health effects of educational attainment for socially m …
Family Socioeconomic Status at Birth and Youth Impulsivity at Age 15; Blacks' Diminished Return.
Assari S, Caldwell CH, Mincy R. Assari S, et al. Children (Basel). 2018 May 1;5(5):58. doi: 10.3390/children5050058. Children (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29724004 Free PMC article.
Minorities’ Diminished Return theory suggests that health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) are systemically smaller for racial and ethnic minorities compared to Whites. To test the relevance of Minorities’ Diminished Return theory for youth …
Minorities’ Diminished Return theory suggests that health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) are systemically smaller fo …
Understanding America: Unequal Economic Returns of Years of Schooling in Whites and Blacks.
Assari S. Assari S. World J Educ Res. 2020;7(2):78-92. doi: 10.22158/wjer.v7n2p78. World J Educ Res. 2020. PMID: 32582861 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Higher schooling is associated with higher economic wellbeing. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, however, refers to smaller returns of schooling for non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). ...
BACKGROUND: Higher schooling is associated with higher economic wellbeing. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framewor …
Weaker Effects of Parental Education on Oral Nicotine Use of High School Students in Rural Areas: Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Assari G, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2025;5(2):6042. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2025.6042. Epub 2025 Mar 20. Open J Educ Res. 2025. PMID: 40256638 Free PMC article.
While parental educational attainment is generally associated with youth substance use, marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) suggest that this effect may be weaker in marginalized populations, including non-Latino White communities. ...
While parental educational attainment is generally associated with youth substance use, marginalization-related diminished returns (M …
Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children's Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects.
Akhlaghipour G, Assari S. Akhlaghipour G, et al. Among authors: assari s. Brain Sci. 2020 Dec 7;10(12):950. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10120950. Brain Sci. 2020. PMID: 33297546 Free PMC article.
However, a growing literature shows that these effects may be complex: while the effects of parental education may be diminished for Blacks than Whites, household income may explain such effects. Purpose. Considering race as sociological rather than a biological construct …
However, a growing literature shows that these effects may be complex: while the effects of parental education may be diminished for …
Parent Education and Future Transition to Cigarette Smoking: Latinos' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Boyce S, Caldwell CH, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Front Pediatr. 2020 Aug 19;8:457. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00457. eCollection 2020. Front Pediatr. 2020. PMID: 32974240 Free PMC article.
Background: High parent education is protective against youth health risk behaviors such as tobacco use. According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, however, higher parent education seems to exert less protection for the ethnic minority relative to the majority …
Background: High parent education is protective against youth health risk behaviors such as tobacco use. According to the Minorities' Dim …
Parental Educational Attainment and Black-White Adolescents' Achievement Gap: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Boyce S, Caldwell CH, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Open J Soc Sci. 2020 Mar;8(3):282-297. doi: 10.4236/jss.2020.83026. Open J Soc Sci. 2020. PMID: 32368561 Free PMC article.
Diminishing returns of parental educational attainment (MDRs) may be an unrecognized source of racial youth disparities. ...There is a need for public and economic policies that reduce diminished returns of SES for Black families....
Diminishing returns of parental educational attainment (MDRs) may be an unrecognized source of racial youth disparities. ...There is …
Being Married Increases Life Expectancy of White but Not Black Americans.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. J Family Reprod Health. 2019 Sep;13(3):132-140. J Family Reprod Health. 2019. PMID: 32201487 Free PMC article.
Objective: The positive effect of high socioeconomic position (SEP) on health is well established. According Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, however, the SEP-health link is smaller for Blacks compared to Whites. ...Conclusion: In line with the MDRs theory, th …
Objective: The positive effect of high socioeconomic position (SEP) on health is well established. According Minorities' Diminished R …
Unequal Benefits: How Parental Education Falls Short for Black and Latino Youth.
Assari S, Jahromi M, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2025;5(1):1232. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2025.1232. Epub 2025 Feb 12. Open J Educ Res. 2025. PMID: 40330990 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Parental education is a key determinant of academic performance, yet its protective effects may differ by race and ethnicity. The concept of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) highlights the weaker association between socioeconomic resources and outcomes for …
BACKGROUND: Parental education is a key determinant of academic performance, yet its protective effects may differ by race and ethnicity. Th …
Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.
Assari S, Chalian H, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Res Health Sci. 2020;5(1):48-63. doi: 10.22158/rhs.v5n1p48. Epub 2020 Feb 10. Res Health Sci. 2020. PMID: 32226910 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminishe …
BACKGROUND: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases …
Family Structure and Subsequent Anxiety Symptoms; Minorities' Diminished Return.
Assari S, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Assari S, et al. Brain Sci. 2018 May 31;8(6):97. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8060097. Brain Sci. 2018. PMID: 29857488 Free PMC article.
Background: Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) theory suggests that socioeconomic position (SEP) may have a smaller effect on health and well-being of members of the minority than the majority groups. ...Conclusion: In support of the MDR theory, marital status of parents …
Background: Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) theory suggests that socioeconomic position (SEP) may have a smaller effect on health …
Diminished Return of Employment on Ever Smoking Among Hispanic Whites in Los Angeles.
Assari S, Mistry R. Assari S, et al. Health Equity. 2019 Apr 11;3(1):138-144. doi: 10.1089/heq.2018.0070. eCollection 2019. Health Equity. 2019. PMID: 31289772 Free PMC article.
Purpose: According to the Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as employment status produce smaller tangible outcomes for racial and ethnic minority groups, however, very limited information exists on such diminished …
Purpose: According to the Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as employment status …
Parental Education or Household Income? Which Socioeconomic Status Indicator Can Better Reduce Body Mass Index Disparities among Latino Children?
Assari S, Malek-Ahmadi MR, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. J Econ Public Financ. 2021;7(1):19-37. doi: 10.22158/jepf.v7n1p19. J Econ Public Financ. 2021. PMID: 34307868
Distal social determinants of health may be more vulnerable to the MDRs (minorities' diminished returns) than proximal ones. As a result, closing the income gap may be a good strategy towards closing the childhood BMI gap between highly educated HW and NHW families. ...
Distal social determinants of health may be more vulnerable to the MDRs (minorities' diminished returns) than proximal ones. As a res …
Parental Education and Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation: Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Adv Soc Sci Cult. 2020;2(4):132-153. doi: 10.22158/assc.v2n4p132. Epub 2020 Nov 11. Adv Soc Sci Cult. 2020. PMID: 34308362
BACKGROUND: Considerable research has documented the effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on reward-seeking behaviors; however, less is known about the multiplicative effects of race and family SES on brain response to reward anticipation. Marginalization-related Dim …
BACKGROUND: Considerable research has documented the effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on reward-seeking behaviors; however, le …
Population Diversity Matters: Heterogeneity of Biopsychosocial Pathways from Socioeconomic Status to Tobacco Use via Cerebral Cortical Volume in the ABCD Study.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. J Cell Neurosci. 2025;1(1):12-23. doi: 10.31586/jcn.2025.1132. Epub 2025 Jan 23. J Cell Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 40007555 Free PMC article.
These findings were consistent over 4-6 years of follow-up, suggesting that Black youth experience diminished returns from higher SES in terms of brain development and behavioral outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight significant racial disparities in the pathways f …
These findings were consistent over 4-6 years of follow-up, suggesting that Black youth experience diminished returns from higher SES …
Education Level and Self-rated Health in the United States: Immigrants' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Perez MU, Johnson N, Williams NR, Carrillo E, Garcia L, Hollis XT. Assari S, et al. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020 Summer;8(3):116-123. doi: 10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.20. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020. PMID: 32905455
INTRODUCTION: Although education is among the major socioeconomic status (SES) resources that influence populations' and individuals' health, social marginalization may reduce the health gain that follows access to SES indicators such as education, a pattern called marginalizatio …
INTRODUCTION: Although education is among the major socioeconomic status (SES) resources that influence populations' and individuals' health …
Income and Mental Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Older Americans: Immigrants' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020 Winter;8(1):37-43. doi: 10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.06. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2020. PMID: 32266301
This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). Most of the existing knowledge on MDRs, however, has been derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. ...
This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). Most of the existing knowledge on MDRs, however, has been d …
Blacks' Diminished Returns of Parental Education on Household Income: A Study of College Students in the US.
Assari S, Sheikhattari P, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2024;4(4):187-196. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1016. Epub 2024 Aug 4. Open J Educ Res. 2024. PMID: 40206500 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the diminished returns of parental education on household income among Black college students in the US. ...However, the magnitude of this positive association was significantly smaller for Black students compared to White students …
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the diminished returns of parental education on household income among Black college studen …
Minorities' Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on Adolescents' Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems.
Assari S, Boyce S, Caldwell CH, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Children (Basel). 2020 May 18;7(5):49. doi: 10.3390/children7050049. Children (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32443584 Free PMC article.
Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education against social, emotional, and behavioral problems are systematically diminished for Hispanic and Black than non-Hispanic White adolescents....
Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education against social, emotional, and behavioral problems are systematically diminished …
Educational Attainment and Exercise Frequency in American Women; Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Womens Health Bull. 2019 Jul;6(3):e87413. doi: 10.5812/whb.87413. Epub 2019 Sep 4. Womens Health Bull. 2019. PMID: 31552286 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller protects health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators for Blacks and other minority groups than Whites. ...
BACKGROUND: Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller protects health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators f …
Education Attainment and Alcohol Binge Drinking: Diminished Returns of Hispanics in Los Angeles.
Assari S, Farokhnia M, Mistry R. Assari S, et al. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Jan 14;9(1):9. doi: 10.3390/bs9010009. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019. PMID: 30646592 Free PMC article.
According to the minorities' diminished returns (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education attainment have smaller protective effects on health risk behaviors for racial and ethnic minority groups in comparison to the 'dominant' social group. How …
According to the minorities' diminished returns (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education attainment have …
Blacks' Diminished Health Return of Family Structure and Socioeconomic Status; 15 Years of Follow-up of a National Urban Sample of Youth.
Assari S, Thomas A, Caldwell CH, Mincy RB. Assari S, et al. J Urban Health. 2018 Feb;95(1):21-35. doi: 10.1007/s11524-017-0217-3. J Urban Health. 2018. PMID: 29230628 Free PMC article.
There are reports, however, documenting a smaller return of SES among Blacks compared to Whites, also known as Blacks' diminished return. Using a national sample, this study investigated race by gender differences in the effects of family structure and family SES on subseq …
There are reports, however, documenting a smaller return of SES among Blacks compared to Whites, also known as Blacks' diminished ret …
Racism May Interrupt Age-related Brain Growth of African American Children in the United States.
Assari S, Mincy R. Assari S, et al. J Pediatr Child Health Care. 2021;6(3):1047. Epub 2021 Nov 9. J Pediatr Child Health Care. 2021. PMID: 34966911
CONCLUSIONS: Under racism, age has unequal effects on global brain size of diverse racial groups. In line with the MDRs, we observe diminished age-related growth of the brain for African American children, which documents detrimental effects of racism. ...Age-related growt …
CONCLUSIONS: Under racism, age has unequal effects on global brain size of diverse racial groups. In line with the MDRs, we observe dimin …
Health Insurance Coverage Better Protects Blacks than Whites against Incident Chronic Disease.
Assari S, Helmi H, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Healthcare (Basel). 2019 Mar 10;7(1):40. doi: 10.3390/healthcare7010040. Healthcare (Basel). 2019. PMID: 30857371 Free PMC article.
These findings are discussed in the context of Blacks' diminished returns of socioeconomic resources. Future attempts should test replicability of these findings....
These findings are discussed in the context of Blacks' diminished returns of socioeconomic resources. Future attempts should test rep …
Parental Education Attainment and Educational Upward Mobility; Role of Race and Gender.
Assari S. Assari S. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018 Nov 21;8(11):107. doi: 10.3390/bs8110107. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018. PMID: 30469353 Free PMC article.
Background. The Minorities' Diminished Return theory suggests that education attainment and other socioeconomic resources have smaller effects on the health and well-being of African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities compared to Whites. Racial and ethnic dif …
Background. The Minorities' Diminished Return theory suggests that education attainment and other socioeconomic resources have smalle …
Reward Responsiveness in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: African Americans' Diminished Returns of Parental Education.
Assari S, Boyce S, Akhlaghipour G, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. Brain Sci. 2020 Jun 19;10(6):391. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060391. Brain Sci. 2020. PMID: 32575523 Free PMC article.
It is still unknown if some of this racial and economic gap is attributed to weaker effects of parental education for African Americans, a pattern also called minorities' diminished returns (MDRs). (2) Aim: We compared non-Hispanic White and African American adolescents fo …
It is still unknown if some of this racial and economic gap is attributed to weaker effects of parental education for African Americans, a p …
Parental Education on Youth Inhibitory Control in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Brain Sci. 2020 May 21;10(5):312. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10050312. Brain Sci. 2020. PMID: 32455841 Free PMC article.
Some of this racial gap is shown to be due to weaker effects of parental educational attainment on reducing the prevalence of behavioral risk factors such as impulsivity, substance use, aggression, obesity, and poor school performance for NHBs, a pattern called Minorities' Dim …
Some of this racial gap is shown to be due to weaker effects of parental educational attainment on reducing the prevalence of behavioral ris …
Subjective financial status and suicidal ideation among American college students: Racial differences.
Assari S. Assari S. Arch Gen Intern Med. 2019;3(1):16-21. Arch Gen Intern Med. 2019. PMID: 34308338 Free PMC article.
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory and in line with previous research that has documented worse mental health of high SES Blacks particularly Black men, this study showed that high SES protects White college students but not Black colleg …
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory and in line with previous research that has documented worse m …
Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Sep 24;9(10):103. doi: 10.3390/bs9100103. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019. PMID: 31554198 Free PMC article.
Background: Education level is one of the strongest protective factors against high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking. Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggest that the protective effects of education level tend to be weaker for racial and ethnic mino …
Background: Education level is one of the strongest protective factors against high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking. Minorities' …
Family Income and Gang Presence in the Neighborhood: Diminished Returns of Black Families.
Assari S, Boyce S, Caldwell CH, Bazargan M, Mincy R. Assari S, et al. Urban Sci. 2020 Jun;4(2):29. doi: 10.3390/urbansci4020029. Epub 2020 Jun 24. Urban Sci. 2020. PMID: 32671278 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Based on the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status, such as higher family income, show weaker protective effects on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for Black than White families. ...The h …
BACKGROUND: Based on the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status, such as higher fam …
Poverty Status and Childhood Asthma in White and Black Families: National Survey of Children's Health.
Assari S, Moghani Lankarani M. Assari S, et al. Healthcare (Basel). 2018 Jun 12;6(2):62. doi: 10.3390/healthcare6020062. Healthcare (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29895767 Free PMC article.
Background: Living above the poverty line reduces the risk of physical illnesses, including childhood asthma (CA). Minorities’ Diminished Return theory, however, suggests that the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on health are weaker for racial mi …
Background: Living above the poverty line reduces the risk of physical illnesses, including childhood asthma (CA). Minorities’ …
Youth Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems in the ABCD Study: Minorities' Diminished Returns of Family Income.
Assari S. Assari S. J Econ Public Financ. 2020;6(4):1-19. doi: 10.22158/jepf.v6n4p1. Epub 2020 Oct 10. J Econ Public Financ. 2020. PMID: 33123624
Our existing knowledge is minimal about diminished returns of family income on parental reports of youth social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes. ...CONCLUSION: The protective effects of family income against behavioral problems are systematically diminished for …
Our existing knowledge is minimal about diminished returns of family income on parental reports of youth social, emotional, and behav …
Parental educational attainment and relatives' substance use of American youth: Hispanics Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Caldwell C, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. J Biosci Med (Irvine). 2020 Feb;8(2):122-134. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2020.82010. Epub 2020 Feb 28. J Biosci Med (Irvine). 2020. PMID: 32123689 Free PMC article.
OBJECTIVES: Research on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) has shown higher than expected substance use (tobacco and alcohol use) in middle-class Hispanic and Black youth and adults. ...
OBJECTIVES: Research on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) has shown higher than expected substance use (tobacco and alcohol use) …
Higher Educational Attainment is Associated with Lower Risk of a Future Suicide Attempt Among Non-Hispanic Whites but not Non-Hispanic Blacks.
Assari S, Schatten HT, Arias SA, Miller IW, Camargo CA, Boudreaux ED. Assari S, et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2019 Oct;6(5):1001-1010. doi: 10.1007/s40615-019-00601-z. Epub 2019 Jul 5. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2019. PMID: 31278625 Free PMC article.
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Return theory, educational attainment better protected non-Hispanic White than non-Hispanic Blacks against future suicide attempt/death. ...
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Return theory, educational attainment better protected non-Hispanic White tha …
Second-Hand Smoke Exposure at Home in the United States; Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2019 Fall;7(4):135-141. doi: 10.15171/IJTMGH.2019.28. Epub 2019 Nov 5. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2019. PMID: 32195278
INTRODUCTION: Educational attainment and poverty status are two strong socioeconomic status (SES) indicators that protect individuals against exposure to second-hand smoke. Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, refer to smaller protective effects of SES indicator …
INTRODUCTION: Educational attainment and poverty status are two strong socioeconomic status (SES) indicators that protect individuals agains …
Academic Aspirations of 12th Grade Students in the United States: Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Rural Areas.
Assari S, Assari G, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Educ Res. 2025;5(2):65-74. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2025.6040. Epub 2025 Mar 12. Open J Educ Res. 2025. PMID: 40129659 Free PMC article.
Parental education is a key determinant of educational aspirations, yet its effects may vary by geographic location, demonstrating spatial patterns of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). OBJECTIVES: This study examines the association between parental education and aspi …
Parental education is a key determinant of educational aspirations, yet its effects may vary by geographic location, demonstrating spatial p …
Combined Effects of Ethnicity and Education on Burden of Depressive Symptoms over 24 Years in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States.
Assari S. Assari S. Brain Sci. 2020 Apr 2;10(4):209. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10040209. Brain Sci. 2020. PMID: 32252391 Free PMC article.
While high education credentials protect individuals against depressive symptoms, this protection may be weaker for ethnic minority groups such as Hispanic Whites compared to the majority group (non-Hispanic Whites). Built on marginalization-related diminished returns (MDR …
While high education credentials protect individuals against depressive symptoms, this protection may be weaker for ethnic minority groups s …
Educational Attainment and Self-Rated Oral Health among American Older Adults: Hispanics' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Bazargan M. Assari S, et al. Dent J (Basel). 2019 Oct 1;7(4):97. doi: 10.3390/dj7040097. Dent J (Basel). 2019. PMID: 31581515 Free PMC article.
Background: Minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) refer to systemically weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES), particularly educational attainment, on the health of non-Whites compared to Whites. ...
Background: Minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) refer to systemically weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES), particularly ed …
Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Welfare Receipt of American Indian/Alaska Native People: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023.
Assari S, Sonnega A, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Psychol. 2025;5(1):12-23. doi: 10.31586/ojp.2025.1149. Epub 2025 Feb 10. Open J Psychol. 2025. PMID: 40027372 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment is generally associated with reduced reliance on Social Security and disability benefits; however, the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the socioeconomic benefits of education are weaker for minoritized populatio …
BACKGROUND: Educational attainment is generally associated with reduced reliance on Social Security and disability benefits; however, the Mi …
Pallidum Functional Hypoconnectivity and Inhibitory Control as Partial Mediators of Environmental Influences on Tobacco and Marijuana Initiation.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. J Cell Neurosci. 2025;1(1):33-45. doi: 10.31586/jcn.2025.1140. Epub 2025 Jan 24. J Cell Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 39958649 Free PMC article.
Mediation models were used to determine whether PM2.5 exposure and changes in P-VAN rsFC act as pathways linking low SES to diminished inhibitory control and subsequent substance use initiation. RESULTS: Low SES was associated with higher PM2.5 exposure, which, in turn, wa …
Mediation models were used to determine whether PM2.5 exposure and changes in P-VAN rsFC act as pathways linking low SES to diminished …
Family Income Reduces Risk of Obesity for White but Not Black Children.
Assari S. Assari S. Children (Basel). 2018 Jun 10;5(6):73. doi: 10.3390/children5060073. Children (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29890778 Free PMC article.
Policies should go beyond access to SES and address structural barriers in the lives of Blacks which result in a diminished health return of very same SES resources for them. As the likely causes are multi-level barriers, multi-level interventions are needed to eliminate r …
Policies should go beyond access to SES and address structural barriers in the lives of Blacks which result in a diminished health re …
Race, Intergenerational Social Mobility and Stressful Life Events.
Assari S. Assari S. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018 Sep 20;8(10):86. doi: 10.3390/bs8100086. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018. PMID: 30241335 Free PMC article.
Socioeconomic status (SES) has smaller protective effects on the health of African Americans, and the differential association between social mobility and stress may explain the diminished returns of SES for African Americans. Aim. This study tested the race/ethnic differe …
Socioeconomic status (SES) has smaller protective effects on the health of African Americans, and the differential association between socia …
Weaker Effects of Educational Attainment on Chronic Medical Conditions in American Indian Alaska Native, Black, and Latino Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.
Assari S, Zare H. Assari S, et al. Open J Med Sci. 2025;5(1):1150. doi: 10.31586/ojms.2025.1150. Epub 2025 Jan 23. Open J Med Sci. 2025. PMID: 39931521 Free PMC article.
While higher socioeconomic status is generally associated with better health outcomes, this benefit may be diminished for racialized and minoritized populations. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the protective effects of educational attainment and income-to-poverty ratio …
While higher socioeconomic status is generally associated with better health outcomes, this benefit may be diminished for racialized …
Non-Hispanic Black Americans' Diminished Protective Effects of Educational Attainment and Employment against Cardiometabolic Diseases: NHANES 1999-2016.
Zare H, Assari S. Zare H, et al. Among authors: assari s. Austin J Public Health Epidemiol. 2021;8(4):1109. Epub 2021 Oct 4. Austin J Public Health Epidemiol. 2021. PMID: 34734120
BACKGROUND: While socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and employment are among the major drivers of health and illness, the health returns of SES indicators may differ across racial groups. Built on Marginalization related Diminished Return …
BACKGROUND: While socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and employment are among the major drivers of health …
Parental Educational Attainment Differentially Boosts School Performance of American Adolescents: Minorities' Diminished Returns.
Assari S, Caldwell CH. Assari S, et al. J Family Reprod Health. 2019 Mar;13(1):7-13. J Family Reprod Health. 2019. PMID: 31850092 Free PMC article.
We still know very little about diminished trans-generational returns of SES resources such as parental educational attainment. ...As the underlying mechanisms are multifaceted, multi-level approach is needed to undo minorities' diminished returns, so every individu …
We still know very little about diminished trans-generational returns of SES resources such as parental educational attainment. ...As …
Family Socioeconomic Position at Birth and School Bonding at Age 15; Blacks' Diminished Returns.
Assari S. Assari S. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Mar 11;9(3):26. doi: 10.3390/bs9030026. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019. PMID: 30861987 Free PMC article.
Life course epidemiological studies have documented the effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) at birth on youth developmental processes and outcomes decades later. According to the minorities' diminished returns (MDR) theory, however, family SEP at birth generates …
Life course epidemiological studies have documented the effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) at birth on youth developmental proce …
Prostate Cancer Screening in Middle-Aged and Older American Men: Combined Effects of Ethnicity and Years of Schooling.
Assari S. Assari S. Hosp Pract Res. 2020 Spring;5(2):64-69. Epub 2020 Jun 11. Hosp Pract Res. 2020. PMID: 32783022 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer screening is more commonly utilized by highly educated people. As shown by marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs), the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) such as education on the health outcomes are considerably smaller for ethnic …
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer screening is more commonly utilized by highly educated people. As shown by marginalization-related diminished …
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