Methylene blue and mitochondria - Search Results

Year	Number of Results
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1

The Potentials of Methylene Blue as an Anti-Aging Drug.

Xue H, Thaivalappil A, Cao K. Xue H, et al. Cells. 2021 Dec 1;10(12):3379. doi: 10.3390/cells10123379. Cells. 2021. PMID: 34943887 Free PMC article. Review.

Methylene blue (MB), as the first fully man-made medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications. ...MB can bypass Complex I/III activity in mitochondria and diminish oxidative stress to some degree. This review summarizes the recent studies on the applic …

Methylene blue (MB), as the first fully man-made medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications. ...MB can bypass Complex …

2

Customized Intranasal Hydrogel Delivering Methylene Blue Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction against Alzheimer's Disease.

Liu Y, Tan Y, Cheng G, Ni Y, Xie A, Zhu X, Yin C, Zhang Y, Chen T. Liu Y, et al. Adv Mater. 2024 May;36(19):e2307081. doi: 10.1002/adma.202307081. Epub 2024 Mar 1. Adv Mater. 2024. PMID: 38395039

In this study, black phosphorus (BP) is used as a drug carrier, as well as an antioxidant, and loaded with a tau aggregation inhibitor, methylene blue (MB), to obtain BP-MB. For intranasal (IN) delivery, a thermosensitive hydrogel is fabricated by cross-linking carb …

In this study, black phosphorus (BP) is used as a drug carrier, as well as an antioxidant, and loaded with a tau aggregation inhibitor, m …

3

From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection-an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue.

Tucker D, Lu Y, Zhang Q. Tucker D, et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2018 Jun;55(6):5137-5153. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0712-2. Epub 2017 Aug 24. Mol Neurobiol. 2018. PMID: 28840449 Free PMC article. Review.

Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established drug with a long history of use, owing to its diverse range of use and its minimal side effect profile. ...Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a seemingly unifying pathological phenomenon across a wide range of …

Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established drug with a long history of use, owing to its diverse range of use and its minimal s …

4

Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation.

Yang L, Youngblood H, Wu C, Zhang Q. Yang L, et al. Transl Neurodegener. 2020 Jun 1;9(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40035-020-00197-z. Transl Neurodegener. 2020. PMID: 32475349 Free PMC article. Review.

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the formation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are important factors contributing to the development of brain disease. Ample evidence suggests mitochondria are a promising target for neuroprotection. Recentl …

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the formation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are important factors contr …

5

Parallel damage in mitochondria and lysosomes is an efficient way to photoinduce cell death.

Martins WK, Santos NF, Rocha CS, Bacellar IOL, Tsubone TM, Viotto AC, Matsukuma AY, Abrantes ABP, Siani P, Dias LG, Baptista MS. Martins WK, et al. Autophagy. 2019 Feb;15(2):259-279. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1515609. Epub 2018 Sep 25. Autophagy. 2019. PMID: 30176156 Free PMC article.

Specific damage to these organelles was induced by irradiation of cells pretreated with 2 phenothiazinium salts, methylene blue (MB) and 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB). At a low concentration level (10 nM), only DMMB could induce mitochondrial dama …

Specific damage to these organelles was induced by irradiation of cells pretreated with 2 phenothiazinium salts, methylene blue …

6

Protective role of methylene blue in Alzheimer's disease via mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase.

Atamna H, Kumar R. Atamna H, et al. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20 Suppl 2:S439-52. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-100414. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010. PMID: 20463399 Free article. Review.

The first approach is use of diaminophenothiazines (e.g., methylene blue; MB) to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and to attenuate energy hypometabolism. ...We propose that the cycling of MB between the reduced leucomethylene blue (MBH2) and the oxidized (MB …

The first approach is use of diaminophenothiazines (e.g., methylene blue; MB) to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and to atte …

7

The Effect of Methylene Blue and Its Metabolite-Azure I-on Bioenergetic Parameters of Intact Mouse Brain Mitochondria.

Gureev AP, Samoylova NA, Potanina DV, Popov VN. Gureev AP, et al. Biochem Mosc Suppl B Biomed Chem. 2022;16(2):148-153. doi: 10.1134/S1990750822020044. Epub 2022 May 17. Biochem Mosc Suppl B Biomed Chem. 2022. PMID: 35601460 Free PMC article.

Azure I, an N-dimethylated metabolite of methylene blue, is potentially a more effective compound than methylene blue, but its ability for alternative electron transport has not been studied yet. ...Thus, only methylene blue is capable of …

Azure I, an N-dimethylated metabolite of methylene blue, is potentially a more effective compound than methylene blu …

8

Methylene blue elicits non-genotoxic H(2)O(2) production and protects brain mitochondria from rotenone toxicity.

Gureev AP, Shaforostova EA, Laver DA, Khorolskaya VG, Syromyatnikov MY, Popov VN. Gureev AP, et al. J Appl Biomed. 2019 Jun;17(2):107-114. doi: 10.32725/jab.2019.008. Epub 2019 Jun 17. J Appl Biomed. 2019. PMID: 34907732 Free article.

Methylene blue (MB) is a promising compound with a broad range of neuroprotective activity. ...We investigated the dose-dependent H2O2 production in intact brain mitochondria and showed the increase in the H2O2 production after adding as little as 50 nM MB. . …

Methylene blue (MB) is a promising compound with a broad range of neuroprotective activity. ...We investigated the dose-depend …

9

Methylene blue and its potential in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, brain ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease.

Isaev NK, Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV. Isaev NK, et al. Rev Neurosci. 2024 Mar 27;35(5):585-595. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0007. Print 2024 Jul 26. Rev Neurosci. 2024. PMID: 38530227 Review.

One of such substances that can be used in multi-purpose therapeutic strategies is methylene blue (MB). This drug can have an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect, activate autophagy, inhibit the aggregation of proteins with an irregular shape, inhibit NO synt …

One of such substances that can be used in multi-purpose therapeutic strategies is methylene blue (MB). This drug can have an …

10

Recent advances in drug delivery systems for targeting cancer stem cells.

Duan H, Liu Y, Gao Z, Huang W. Duan H, et al. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021 Jan;11(1):55-70. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.016. Epub 2020 Oct 2. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021. PMID: 33532180 Free PMC article. Review.

A series of corresponding promising therapeutic strategies based on CSC targeting, such as the targeting of CSC niche, CSC signaling pathways, and CSC mitochondria, are currently under development. Given the rapid progression in this field and nanotechnology, drug delivery …

A series of corresponding promising therapeutic strategies based on CSC targeting, such as the targeting of CSC niche, CSC signaling pathway …

11

Mao J, Wang D, Wang D, Wu Q, Shang Q, Gao C, Wang H, Wang H, Du M, Peng P, Jia H, Xu X, Wang J, Yang L, Luo Z. Mao J, et al. Exp Mol Med. 2023 Jan;55(1):253-268. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-00928-y. Epub 2023 Jan 18. Exp Mol Med. 2023. PMID: 36653443 Free PMC article.

However, it is still unclear whether succinylation or SIRT5 is involved in the impairment of mitochondria and development of IDD induced by excessive mechanical stress. Our 4D label-free quantitative proteomic results showed decreased expression of the desuccinylase SIRT5 …

However, it is still unclear whether succinylation or SIRT5 is involved in the impairment of mitochondria and development of IDD indu …

12

Methylene Blue Bridges the Inhibition and Produces Unusual Respiratory Changes in Complex III-Inhibited Mitochondria. Studies on Rats, Mice and Guinea Pigs.

Sváb G, Kokas M, Sipos I, Ambrus A, Tretter L. Sváb G, et al. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Feb 16;10(2):305. doi: 10.3390/antiox10020305. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021. PMID: 33669457 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB) is used in human therapy in various pathological conditions. Its effects in neurodegenerative disease models are promising. ...Recently, the beneficial effects of MB exerted on complex III-inhibited mitochondria were debated. In the presen …

Methylene blue (MB) is used in human therapy in various pathological conditions. Its effects in neurodegenerative disease mode …

13

In Vitro Methylene Blue and Carboplatin Combination Triggers Ovarian Cancer Cells Death.

da Veiga Moreira J, Schwartz L, Jolicoeur M. da Veiga Moreira J, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Oct 13;25(20):11005. doi: 10.3390/ijms252011005. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. PMID: 39456787 Free PMC article.

Conventional treatments often overlook the metabolic implications of cancer, but recent research has highlighted the pivotal role of mitochondria in cancer pathogenesis and drug resistance. This study delves into the metabolic landscape of ovarian cancer treatment, focusin …

Conventional treatments often overlook the metabolic implications of cancer, but recent research has highlighted the pivotal role of mito …

14

Bioenergetic Impairment of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate- (TEGDMA-) Treated Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) and Isolated Brain Mitochondria are Amended by Redox Compound Methylene Blue ().

Mikulás K, Komlódi T, Földes A, Sváb G, Horváth G, Nagy ÁM, Ambrus A, Gyulai-Gaál S, Gera I, Hermann P, Varga G, Tretter L. Mikulás K, et al. Materials (Basel). 2020 Aug 6;13(16):3472. doi: 10.3390/ma13163472. Materials (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32781723 Free PMC article.

The beneficial effects of electron carrier compound methylene blue (MB) are proven in many disease models where mitochondrial involvement has been detected. In the present study, the bioenergetic effects of MB on TEGDMA-treated isolated mitochondria and on hu …

The beneficial effects of electron carrier compound methylene blue (MB) are proven in many disease models where mitochondrial …

15

[Effect of methylene blue and its metabolite - azure I - on bioenergetic parameters of intact mice brain mitochondria].

Gureev AP, Samoylova NA, Potanina DV, Popov VN. Gureev AP, et al. Biomed Khim. 2021 Nov;67(6):485-490. doi: 10.18097/PBMC20216706485. Biomed Khim. 2021. PMID: 34964442 Russian.

Methylene blue is a phenothiazine dye that is widely used in medicine and clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ...Azure I, an N-dimethylated metabolite of methylene blue, is potentially a more effective compound than methylene …

Methylene blue is a phenothiazine dye that is widely used in medicine and clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's dis …

16

Methylene Blue Pretreatment Protects Against Repeated Neonatal Isoflurane Exposure-Induced Brain Injury and Memory Loss.

Wu C, Deng Q, Zhu L, Liu TC, Duan R, Yang L. Wu C, et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2024 Aug;61(8):5787-5801. doi: 10.1007/s12035-024-03931-0. Epub 2024 Jan 17. Mol Neurobiol. 2024. PMID: 38233687

Using a repeated neonatal ISO exposure-induced PND rat model, we investigated the effects of methylene blue (MB) pretreatment on repeated neonatal isoflurane exposure-induced brain injury and memory loss. ...Immunofluorescence staining, F-Jade C staining, TUNEL stai …

Using a repeated neonatal ISO exposure-induced PND rat model, we investigated the effects of methylene blue (MB) pretreatment …

17

Methylene Blue Induces Antioxidant Defense and Reparation of Mitochondrial DNA in a Nrf2-Dependent Manner during Cisplatin-Induced Renal Toxicity.

Samoylova NA, Gureev AP, Popov VN. Samoylova NA, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 24;24(7):6118. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076118. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. PMID: 37047089 Free PMC article.

We supposed that methylene blue-induced H(2)O(2) production led to activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. ...Thus, the protection of kidney mitochondria from cisplatin-induced damage using methylene blue can significantly expand its appli …

We supposed that methylene blue-induced H(2)O(2) production led to activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. ...Thus, the …

18

Methylene blue upregulates Nrf2/ARE genes and prevents tau-related neurotoxicity.

Stack C, Jainuddin S, Elipenahli C, Gerges M, Starkova N, Starkov AA, Jové M, Portero-Otin M, Launay N, Pujol A, Kaidery NA, Thomas B, Tampellini D, Beal MF, Dumont M. Stack C, et al. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Jul 15;23(14):3716-32. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu080. Epub 2014 Feb 20. Hum Mol Genet. 2014. PMID: 24556215 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB, methylthioninium chloride) is a phenothiazine that crosses the blood brain barrier and acts as a redox cycler. ...We assessed behavior, tau pathology, oxidative damage, inflammation and numbers of mitochondria. MB improved the behavioral a …

Methylene blue (MB, methylthioninium chloride) is a phenothiazine that crosses the blood brain barrier and acts as a redox cyc …

19

Molecular Mechanisms of the Neuroprotective Effect of Methylene Blue.

Gureev AP, Sadovnikova IS, Popov VN. Gureev AP, et al. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2022 Sep;87(9):940-956. doi: 10.1134/S0006297922090073. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2022. PMID: 36180986 Review.

Methylene blue (MB) is the first fully synthetic compound that had found its way into medicine over 120 years ago as a treatment against malaria. ...

Methylene blue (MB) is the first fully synthetic compound that had found its way into medicine over 120 years ago as a treatme …

20

Targeting mitochondria with methylene blue protects mice against acetaminophen-induced liver injury.

Lee KK, Imaizumi N, Chamberland SR, Alder NN, Boelsterli UA. Lee KK, et al. Hepatology. 2015 Jan;61(1):326-36. doi: 10.1002/hep.27385. Epub 2014 Dec 15. Hepatology. 2015. PMID: 25142022

Previous studies with mouse models have revealed that impairment of mitochondrial respiration is an early event in the pathogenesis, but the exact mechanisms have remained unclear, and therapeutic approaches to specifically target mitochondria have been insufficiently expl …

Previous studies with mouse models have revealed that impairment of mitochondrial respiration is an early event in the pathogenesis, but the …

21

Methylene blue does not bypass Complex III antimycin block in mouse brain mitochondria.

Gureev AP, Shaforostova EA, Popov VN, Starkov AA. Gureev AP, et al. FEBS Lett. 2019 Mar;593(5):499-503. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13332. Epub 2019 Feb 20. FEBS Lett. 2019. PMID: 30734287 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB) is a promising prodrug to treat mitochondrial dysfunctions that is currently being used in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. ...We found that in mouse brain mitochondria, MB fails to restore the membrane potential and respiration in …

Methylene blue (MB) is a promising prodrug to treat mitochondrial dysfunctions that is currently being used in clinical trials …

22

Methylene blue alleviates nuclear and mitochondrial abnormalities in progeria.

Xiong ZM, Choi JY, Wang K, Zhang H, Tariq Z, Wu D, Ko E, LaDana C, Sesaki H, Cao K. Xiong ZM, et al. Aging Cell. 2016 Apr;15(2):279-90. doi: 10.1111/acel.12434. Epub 2015 Dec 14. Aging Cell. 2016. PMID: 26663466 Free PMC article.

Previous reports have focused on nuclear phenotypes in HGPS cells, yet the potential contribution of the mitochondria, a key player in normal aging, remains unclear. Using high-resolution microscopy analysis, we demonstrated a significantly increased fraction of swollen an …

Previous reports have focused on nuclear phenotypes in HGPS cells, yet the potential contribution of the mitochondria, a key player i …

23

Methylene blue inhibits NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasome activation.

Ahn H, Kang SG, Yoon SI, Ko HJ, Kim PH, Hong EJ, An BS, Lee E, Lee GS. Ahn H, et al. Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 29;7(1):12409. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12635-6. Sci Rep. 2017. PMID: 28963531 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB), which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and mitochondria protective effects, has been widely used as a dye and medication. ...

Methylene blue (MB), which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and mitochondria protective effects, ha …

24

Methylene blue can act as an antidote to pesticide poisoning of bumble bee mitochondria.

Syromyatnikov M, Nesterova E, Smirnova T, Popov V. Syromyatnikov M, et al. Sci Rep. 2021 Jul 19;11(1):14710. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94231-3. Sci Rep. 2021. PMID: 34282204 Free PMC article.

We studied the properties of the thiazine dye Methylene blue (MB) as an antidote against the toxic action of pesticides in the bumble bee mitochondria and found that MB stimulated mitochondrial respiration mediated by Complex I of the electron transport chain …

We studied the properties of the thiazine dye Methylene blue (MB) as an antidote against the toxic action of pesticides in the …

25

Neuroprotective actions of methylene blue and its derivatives.

Poteet E, Winters A, Yan LJ, Shufelt K, Green KN, Simpkins JW, Wen Y, Yang SH. Poteet E, et al. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48279. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048279. Epub 2012 Oct 31. PLoS One. 2012. PMID: 23118969 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB), the first lead chemical structure of phenothiazine and other derivatives, is commonly used in diagnostic procedures and as a treatment for methemoglobinemia. ...Chlorophenothiazine exhibited direct antioxidant actions in mitochondria lysa …

Methylene blue (MB), the first lead chemical structure of phenothiazine and other derivatives, is commonly used in diagnostic …

26

Neuroprotective Effects of Methylene Blue In Vivo and In Vitro.

Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE, Mukhaleva EV, Kapkaeva MR, Kondratenko RV, Skrebitsky VG, Isaev NK. Stelmashook EV, et al. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019 Aug;167(4):455-459. doi: 10.1007/s10517-019-04548-3. Epub 2019 Sep 6. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019. PMID: 31493258

Focal unilateral traumatic brain injury in the sensorimotor cortical region disturbed the functions of contralateral limbs controlled by the damaged hemisphere. A single intravenous injection of methylene blue (1 mg/kg) immediately before or 30 min after the injury …

Focal unilateral traumatic brain injury in the sensorimotor cortical region disturbed the functions of contralateral limbs controlled by the …

27

Methylene blue improves sensorimotor phenotype and decreases anxiety in parallel with activating brain mitochondria biogenesis in mid-age mice.

Gureev AP, Syromyatnikov MY, Gorbacheva TM, Starkov AA, Popov VN. Gureev AP, et al. Neurosci Res. 2016 Dec;113:19-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.07.006. Epub 2016 Aug 8. Neurosci Res. 2016. PMID: 27515402

Age-related brain dysfunctions are associated with mitochondria malfunctions and increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Recently, a mitochondria-targeting drug methylene blue has been drawing considerable interest as a potential …

Age-related brain dysfunctions are associated with mitochondria malfunctions and increased risk of developing neurodegenerative disea …

28

Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction using methylene blue or mitoquinone to improve skeletal aging.

Poudel SB, Frikha-Benayed D, Ruff RR, Yildirim G, Dixit M, Korstanje R, Robinson L, Miller RA, Harrison DE, Strong JR, Schaffler MB, Yakar S. Poudel SB, et al. Aging (Albany NY). 2024 Mar 25;16(6):4948-4964. doi: 10.18632/aging.205147. Epub 2024 Mar 25. Aging (Albany NY). 2024. PMID: 38535998 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established antioxidant that has been shown to improve mitochondrial function in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Mitoquinone (MitoQ) is a selective antioxidant that specifically targets mitochondria and effectively reduces th …

Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established antioxidant that has been shown to improve mitochondrial function in both in vitro a …

29

Methylene Blue Counteracts H(2)S-Induced Cardiac Ion Channel Dysfunction and ATP Reduction.

Cheung JY, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Song J, Davidyock JM, Prado FJ, Shanmughapriya S, Worth AM, Madesh M, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Haouzi P. Cheung JY, et al. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2018 Oct;18(5):407-419. doi: 10.1007/s12012-018-9451-5. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2018. PMID: 29603116 Free PMC article.

We have previously demonstrated that methylene blue (MB) counteracts the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) cardiotoxicity by improving cardiomyocyte contractility and intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis disrupted by H(2)S poisoning. ...

We have previously demonstrated that methylene blue (MB) counteracts the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) cardiotoxicity by …

30

Neuroprotective and Functional Improvement Effects of Methylene Blue in Global Cerebral Ischemia.

Lu Q, Tucker D, Dong Y, Zhao N, Zhang Q. Lu Q, et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Oct;53(8):5344-55. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9455-0. Epub 2015 Oct 3. Mol Neurobiol. 2016. PMID: 26433378 Free PMC article.

The mitochondrial electron respiratory chain is the main cellular source of free radical generation, and dysfunction of mitochondria has a significant impact on the neuronal cell death in ischemic brain. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential benefici …

The mitochondrial electron respiratory chain is the main cellular source of free radical generation, and dysfunction of mitochondria …

31

Altered oxidative neurometabolic response to methylene blue in bipolar disorder revealed by quantitative neuroimaging.

Russo A, Örzsik B, Yalin N, Simpson I, Nwaubani P, Pinna A, De Marco R, Sharp H, Kartar A, Singh N, Blockley N, Stone AJL, Turkheimer FE, Young AH, Cercignani M, Zelaya F, Asllani I, Colasanti A. Russo A, et al. J Affect Disord. 2024 Oct 1;362:790-798. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.029. Epub 2024 Jul 15. J Affect Disord. 2024. PMID: 39019231 Free article. Clinical Trial.

To investigate neurometabolic vulnerability in patients with BD, we combined multi-modal quantitative MRI assessment of cerebral oxygenation with acute administration of Methylene Blue, a neurometabolic/hemodynamic modulator acting on cerebral mitochondria. . …

To investigate neurometabolic vulnerability in patients with BD, we combined multi-modal quantitative MRI assessment of cerebral oxygenation …

32

Methylene blue improves mitochondrial respiration and decreases oxidative stress in a substrate-dependent manner in diabetic rat hearts.

Duicu OM, Privistirescu A, Wolf A, Petruş A, Dănilă MD, Raţiu CD, Muntean DM, Sturza A. Duicu OM, et al. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017 Nov;95(11):1376-1382. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0074. Epub 2017 Jul 24. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017. PMID: 28738167

H(2)O(2) production and calcium retention capacity were measured spectrofluorimetrically. The addition of methylene blue (0.1 mumol.L(-1)) elicited an increase in oxygen consumption of mitochondria energized with complex I and II substrates in both normal and …

H(2)O(2) production and calcium retention capacity were measured spectrofluorimetrically. The addition of methylene blue (0.1 …

33

Methylene blue as a cerebral metabolic and hemodynamic enhancer.

Lin AL, Poteet E, Du F, Gourav RC, Liu R, Wen Y, Bresnen A, Huang S, Fox PT, Yang SH, Duong TQ. Lin AL, et al. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046585. Epub 2012 Oct 9. PLoS One. 2012. PMID: 23056355 Free PMC article.

By restoring mitochondrial function, methylene blue (MB) is an effective neuroprotectant in many neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases). ...MB significantly increases mitochondrial complex I-III activity in isolated mitochondria a …

By restoring mitochondrial function, methylene blue (MB) is an effective neuroprotectant in many neurological disorders (e.g., …

34

Fabrication of methylene blue-loaded ovalbumin/polypyrrole nanoparticles for enhanced phototherapy-triggered antitumour immune activation.

Xu X, Mao H, Wu Y, Liu S, Liu J, Li Q, Yang M, Zhu J, Zou S, Du F. Xu X, et al. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 Jun 22;20(1):297. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01507-5. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022. PMID: 35733214 Free PMC article.

To address these issues, we developed novel methylene blue-loaded ovalbumin/polypyrrole nanoparticles (MB@OVA/PPY NPs) via oxidative polymerization and pi-pi stacking interactions. RESULTS: The as-prepared MB@OVA/PPY NPs with outstanding photothermal conversion effi …

To address these issues, we developed novel methylene blue-loaded ovalbumin/polypyrrole nanoparticles (MB@OVA/PPY NPs) via oxi …

35

Methylene blue delays cellular senescence and enhances key mitochondrial biochemical pathways.

Atamna H, Nguyen A, Schultz C, Boyle K, Newberry J, Kato H, Ames BN. Atamna H, et al. FASEB J. 2008 Mar;22(3):703-12. doi: 10.1096/fj.07-9610com. Epub 2007 Oct 10. FASEB J. 2008. PMID: 17928358

Methylene blue (MB) has been used clinically for about a century to treat numerous ailments. ...Flavin-dependent enzymes are known to use NAD(P)H to reduce MB to leucomethylene blue (MBH2), whereas cytochrome c reoxidizes MBH2 to MB. Experiments on lysates fr …

Methylene blue (MB) has been used clinically for about a century to treat numerous ailments. ...Flavin-dependent enzymes are k …

36

Methylene blue counteracts cyanide cardiotoxicity: cellular mechanisms.

Cheung JY, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Song J, Tomar D, Madesh M, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Haouzi P. Cheung JY, et al. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018 May 1;124(5):1164-1176. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00967.2017. Epub 2018 Feb 8. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018. PMID: 29420146 Free PMC article.

NaCN did not affect cellular adenosine triphosphate levels but depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsi(m)) and increased superoxide (O(2)(.-)) levels. Methylene blue (MB; 20 g/ml) added 3 min after NaCN restored contraction and [Ca(2+)](i) transient a …

NaCN did not affect cellular adenosine triphosphate levels but depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsi(m)) and increased supe …

37

Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers: Methylene blue connects the dots.

Yang SH, Li W, Sumien N, Forster M, Simpkins JW, Liu R. Yang SH, et al. Prog Neurobiol. 2017 Oct;157:273-291. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.005. Epub 2015 Nov 18. Prog Neurobiol. 2017. PMID: 26603930 Free PMC article. Review.

Methylene blue increases oxygen consumption, decrease glycolysis, and increases glucose uptake in vitro. Methylene blue enhances glucose uptake and regional cerebral blood flow in rats upon acute treatment. ...

Methylene blue increases oxygen consumption, decrease glycolysis, and increases glucose uptake in vitro. Methylene b …

38

Methylene Blue promotes cortical neurogenesis and ameliorates behavioral deficit after photothrombotic stroke in rats.

Ahmed ME, Tucker D, Dong Y, Lu Y, Zhao N, Wang R, Zhang Q. Ahmed ME, et al. Neuroscience. 2016 Nov 12;336:39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.036. Epub 2016 Aug 30. Neuroscience. 2016. PMID: 27590267 Free PMC article.

The present study investigated the effect of Methylene Blue (MB) on neurogenesis and functional recovery in a photothrombotic (PT) model of ischemic stroke in rats. ...

The present study investigated the effect of Methylene Blue (MB) on neurogenesis and functional recovery in a photothrombotic …

39

Methylene blue decreases mitochondrial lysine acetylation in the diabetic heart.

Berthiaume JM, Hsiung CH, Austin AB, McBrayer SP, Depuydt MM, Chandler MP, Miyagi M, Rosca MG. Berthiaume JM, et al. Mol Cell Biochem. 2017 Aug;432(1-2):7-24. doi: 10.1007/s11010-017-2993-1. Epub 2017 Mar 16. Mol Cell Biochem. 2017. PMID: 28303408 Free PMC article.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is preceded by mitochondrial alterations, and progresses to heart failure. We studied whether treatment with methylene blue (MB), a compound that was reported to serve as an alternate electron carrier within the mitochondrial electron transpo …

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is preceded by mitochondrial alterations, and progresses to heart failure. We studied whether treatment with meth …

40

Methylene Blue Metabolic Therapy Restrains In Vivo Ovarian Tumor Growth.

da Veiga Moreira J, Nleme N, Schwartz L, Leclerc-Desaulniers K, Carmona E, Mes-Masson AM, Jolicoeur M. da Veiga Moreira J, et al. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Jan 13;16(2):355. doi: 10.3390/cancers16020355. Cancers (Basel). 2024. PMID: 38254843 Free PMC article.

In this study, we investigated the potential of methylene blue (MB) as a metabolic therapy and complementary treatment approach for ovarian cancer. ...Overall, our findings suggest the efficacy of MB as a possible treatment for ovarian cancer and provide valuable in …

In this study, we investigated the potential of methylene blue (MB) as a metabolic therapy and complementary treatment approac …

41

Lipophilic methylene blue analogues enhance mitochondrial function and increase frataxin levels in a cellular model of Friedreich's ataxia.

Khdour OM, Bandyopadhyay I, Chowdhury SR, Visavadiya NP, Hecht SM. Khdour OM, et al. Bioorg Med Chem. 2018 Jul 23;26(12):3359-3369. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.005. Epub 2018 May 4. Bioorg Med Chem. 2018. PMID: 29773347

Presently, a series of methylene blue analogues has been synthesized and characterized for their in vitro biochemical and biological properties in cultured Friedreich's ataxia lymphocytes. Favorable methylene blue analogues were shown to increase frata …

Presently, a series of methylene blue analogues has been synthesized and characterized for their in vitro biochemical and biol …

42

Protective effect of methylene blue against copper oxide nanoparticle-induced neurobehavioral toxicity.

Goma AA, El Okle OS, Tohamy HG. Goma AA, et al. Behav Brain Res. 2021 Feb 1;398:112942. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112942. Epub 2020 Sep 30. Behav Brain Res. 2021. PMID: 33010384

Increasing attention has been paid in the past decade to assessing the toxicological effects of nanoparticles and finding a protectant; thus, the current study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the mitochondria-targeting drug methylene blue (MB) a …

Increasing attention has been paid in the past decade to assessing the toxicological effects of nanoparticles and finding a protectant; thus …

43

Methylene blue, a potential therapeutic target for mitochondria dysfunction.

Lin X, Wu BB, Xing QY, Wang SD, Li J. Lin X, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015 Oct;28(2):1106-7. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.024. Epub 2015 Aug 28. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015. PMID: 26319952 No abstract available.

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Methylene Blue Improves Brain Mitochondrial ABAD Functions and Decreases Abeta in a Neuroinflammatory Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model.

Zakaria A, Hamdi N, Abdel-Kader RM. Zakaria A, et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Mar;53(2):1220-1228. doi: 10.1007/s12035-014-9088-8. Epub 2015 Jan 20. Mol Neurobiol. 2016. PMID: 25601181

Methylene blue (MB) phase II clinical trials reported improvements in cognitive functions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. ...

Methylene blue (MB) phase II clinical trials reported improvements in cognitive functions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients …

45

The photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizer.

Klosowski EM, de Souza BTL, Mito MS, Constantin RP, Mantovanelli GC, Mewes JM, Bizerra PFV, Menezes PVMDC, Gilglioni EH, Utsunomiya KS, Marchiosi R, Dos Santos WD, Filho OF, Caetano W, Pereira PCS, Gonçalves RS, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin RP. Klosowski EM, et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020 Jun;153:34-53. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.015. Epub 2020 Apr 18. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020. PMID: 32315767 Free article.

According to the literature, methylene blue (MB) is a photosensitizer (PS) with a high affinity for mitochondria. Therefore, several studies have explored this feature to evaluate its photodynamic effects on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway under normoxic …

According to the literature, methylene blue (MB) is a photosensitizer (PS) with a high affinity for mitochondria. There …

46

Methylene blue induced O(2) consumption is not dependent on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: Implications for salvage pathways during acute mitochondrial poisoning.

Bouillaud F, Ransy C, Moreau M, Benhaim J, Lombès A, Haouzi P. Bouillaud F, et al. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2022 Oct;304:103939. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103939. Epub 2022 Jun 29. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2022. PMID: 35777722

While administration of the cyclic redox agent methylene blue (MB) during intoxication by mitochondrial poisons (cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, rotenone) increases survival, the mechanisms behind these antidotal properties remain poorly understood. ...We first show that …

While administration of the cyclic redox agent methylene blue (MB) during intoxication by mitochondrial poisons (cyanide, hydr …

47

Effect of ultrasound sonication on clonogenic survival and mitochondria of ovarian cancer cells in the presence of methylene blue.

Xiang J, Leung AW, Xu C. Xiang J, et al. J Ultrasound Med. 2014 Oct;33(10):1755-61. doi: 10.7863/ultra.33.10.1755. J Ultrasound Med. 2014. PMID: 25253821

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound sonication in the presence of methylene blue on clonogenic survival and mitochondria of ovarian cancer cells. METHODS: Human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells, which were incubated with different …

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound sonication in the presence of methylene blue on clonogeni …

48

SIRT1 activation by methylene blue, a repurposed drug, leads to AMPK-mediated inhibition of steatosis and steatohepatitis.

Shin SY, Kim TH, Wu H, Choi YH, Kim SG. Shin SY, et al. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Mar 15;727:115-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.035. Epub 2014 Jan 30. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014. PMID: 24486702

However, no medications are available for the up-regulation of SIRT1. Methylene blue (MB) had been in clinical trials for the treatment of neurological diseases. ...

However, no medications are available for the up-regulation of SIRT1. Methylene blue (MB) had been in clinical trials for the …

49

Methylene blue improves streptozotocin-induced memory deficit by restoring mitochondrial function in rats.

Li L, Qin L, Lu HL, Li PJ, Song YJ, Yang RL. Li L, et al. Brain Res. 2017 Feb 15;1657:208-214. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.024. Epub 2016 Dec 27. Brain Res. 2017. PMID: 28034723

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well documented to involve mitochondrial dysfunction which causes subsequent oxidative stress and energy metabolic failure in hippocampus. Methylene blue (MB) has been implicated to be neuroprotective in a variety of n …

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well documented to involve mitochondrial dysfunction which causes subsequent oxidative stres …

50

Methylene blue stimulates substrate-level phosphorylation catalysed by succinyl-CoA ligase in the citric acid cycle.

Komlódi T, Tretter L. Komlódi T, et al. Neuropharmacology. 2017 Sep 1;123:287-298. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.009. Epub 2017 May 8. Neuropharmacology. 2017. PMID: 28495375

Methylene blue (MB), a potential neuroprotective agent, is efficient in various neurodegenerative disease models. ...MB efficiently stimulated SLP and restored the membrane potential in mitochondria also with the combined inhibition of Complex I and ATP synth …

Methylene blue (MB), a potential neuroprotective agent, is efficient in various neurodegenerative disease models. ...MB effici …

51

Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations.

Sokolov S, Zyrina A, Akimov S, Knorre D, Severin F. Sokolov S, et al. Membranes (Basel). 2023 Oct 22;13(10):841. doi: 10.3390/membranes13100841. Membranes (Basel). 2023. PMID: 37888013 Free PMC article. Review.

As mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as parts of chimeric molecules to deliver specific compounds into mitochondria. ...In this review, we have attempted to summarise the data about the side effects of commonly used natural …

As mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as parts of chimeric molecules to deliver specific co …

52

Methylene blue protects liver oxidative capacity after gut ischaemia-reperfusion in the rat.

Collange O, Charles AL, Bouitbir J, Chenard MP, Zoll J, Diemunsch P, Thaveau F, Chakfé N, Piquard F, Geny B. Collange O, et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013 Feb;45(2):168-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.11.011. Epub 2012 Dec 14. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013. PMID: 23246335 Free article.

We determined whether gut IR induces early impairment of liver mitochondrial oxidative activity and whether methylene blue (MB) might afford protection. DESIGN: Controlled animal study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were randomised into three groups: controls (n = 18) …

We determined whether gut IR induces early impairment of liver mitochondrial oxidative activity and whether methylene blue (MB …

53

Methylene Blue Protects Against Sevoflurane-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Suppressing Drp1 deSUMOylation in Aged Mice.

Zheng F, Fang P, Chang J, Chen M, Zhong Q, Chen T, Chen C, Zhang Z. Zheng F, et al. Neurochem Res. 2020 Apr;45(4):956-963. doi: 10.1007/s11064-020-02976-6. Epub 2020 Feb 1. Neurochem Res. 2020. PMID: 32008150

Exposure to sevoflurane and other inhalational anesthetics can induce cognitive impairment in elderly patients. Studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) has beneficial effects on multiple neurodegenerative diseases and the mechanism involves mitochondrial fun …

Exposure to sevoflurane and other inhalational anesthetics can induce cognitive impairment in elderly patients. Studies have indicated that …

54

Therapeutic and preventive effects of methylene blue on Alzheimer's disease pathology in a transgenic mouse model.

Paban V, Manrique C, Filali M, Maunoir-Regimbal S, Fauvelle F, Alescio-Lautier B. Paban V, et al. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Jan;76 Pt A:68-79. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.033. Epub 2013 Jul 23. Neuropharmacology. 2014. PMID: 23891615

Methylene blue (MB) belongs to the phenothiazinium family. It has been used to treat a variety of human conditions and has beneficial effects on the central nervous system in rodents with and without brain alteration. ...

Methylene blue (MB) belongs to the phenothiazinium family. It has been used to treat a variety of human conditions and has ben …

55

Methylene blue provides behavioral and metabolic neuroprotection against optic neuropathy.

Rojas JC, John JM, Lee J, Gonzalez-Lima F. Rojas JC, et al. Neurotox Res. 2009 Apr;15(3):260-73. doi: 10.1007/s12640-009-9027-z. Epub 2009 Feb 24. Neurotox Res. 2009. PMID: 19384599

Methylene blue (MB) is a diaminophenothiazine with potent antioxidant and unique redox properties that prevent morphologic degenerative changes in the mouse retina induced by rotenone, a specific mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. ...

Methylene blue (MB) is a diaminophenothiazine with potent antioxidant and unique redox properties that prevent morphologic deg …

56

Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in CNS injury using Methylene Blue; still a magic bullet?

Vekaria HJ, Talley Watts L, Lin AL, Sullivan PG. Vekaria HJ, et al. Neurochem Int. 2017 Oct;109:117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.004. Epub 2017 Apr 7. Neurochem Int. 2017. PMID: 28396091 Free PMC article. Review.

We will also give an overview of one relatively new TBI therapeutic approach, Methylene Blue, currently being studied to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction following brain injury. We will also present novel experimental findings, that for the first time, character …

We will also give an overview of one relatively new TBI therapeutic approach, Methylene Blue, currently being studied to ameli …

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Delayed Methylene Blue Improves Lesion Volume, Multi-Parametric Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements, and Behavioral Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Talley Watts L, Long JA, Boggs RC, Manga H, Huang S, Shen Q, Duong TQ. Talley Watts L, et al. J Neurotrauma. 2016 Jan 15;33(2):194-202. doi: 10.1089/neu.2015.3904. Epub 2015 Aug 13. J Neurotrauma. 2016. PMID: 25961471 Free PMC article.

There is a critical need for the development of neuroprotective agents that can circumvent damage and provide functional recovery. We previously showed that methylene blue (MB), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-grandfathered drug with energy-enhancing and antioxi …

There is a critical need for the development of neuroprotective agents that can circumvent damage and provide functional recovery. We previo …

58

Methylene Blue Protects the Isolated Rat Lungs from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage.

Tian WF, Zeng S, Sheng Q, Chen JL, Weng P, Zhang XT, Yuan JJ, Pang QF, Wang ZQ. Tian WF, et al. Lung. 2018 Feb;196(1):73-82. doi: 10.1007/s00408-017-0072-8. Epub 2017 Dec 4. Lung. 2018. PMID: 29204685

INTRODUCTION: Impaired mitochondrial function is a key factor attributing to the lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI). Methylene blue (MB) has been reported to attenuate brain and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. ...Moreover, MB inhibited the release of cytochr …

INTRODUCTION: Impaired mitochondrial function is a key factor attributing to the lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI). Methylene …

59

Conjugates of Methylene Blue with Cycloalkaneindoles as New Multifunctional Agents for Potential Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease.

Bachurin SO, Shevtsova EF, Makhaeva GF, Aksinenko AY, Grigoriev VV, Goreva TV, Epishina TA, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Rudakova EV, Vinogradova DV, Shevtsov PN, Pushkareva EA, Dubova LG, Serkova TP, Veselov IM, Fisenko VP, Richardson RJ. Bachurin SO, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 11;23(22):13925. doi: 10.3390/ijms232213925. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 36430413 Free PMC article.

We developed a synthetic algorithm for the conjugation of indole derivatives and methylene blue (MB), which are pharmacophoric ligands that act on the key stages of pathogenesis. We synthesized hybrid structures and performed a comprehensive screening for a specific …

We developed a synthetic algorithm for the conjugation of indole derivatives and methylene blue (MB), which are pharmacophoric …

60

Methylene Blue Analogues with Marginal Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition Retain Antidepressant-like Activity.

Delport A, Harvey BH, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Delport A, et al. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018 Dec 19;9(12):2917-2928. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00042. Epub 2018 Jul 25. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018. PMID: 29976053

Methylene blue (MB) possesses diverse medical applications. Among these, MB presents with antidepressant-like effects in animals and has shown promise in clinical trials for the treatment of mood disorders. ...

Methylene blue (MB) possesses diverse medical applications. Among these, MB presents with antidepressant-like effects in anima …

61

Binding, aggregation and photochemical properties of methylene blue in mitochondrial suspensions.

Gabrielli D, Belisle E, Severino D, Kowaltowski AJ, Baptista MS. Gabrielli D, et al. Photochem Photobiol. 2004 Mar;79(3):227-32. doi: 10.1562/be-03-27.1. Photochem Photobiol. 2004. PMID: 15115294

Methylene Blue (MB) has well-established photochemical properties and has been used in a variety of photochemical applications including photodynamic therapy. ...Indeed, irradiation of mitochondria with high proton potentials in the presence of MB results in …

Methylene Blue (MB) has well-established photochemical properties and has been used in a variety of photochemical applications …

62

Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of methylene blue on the liver of rats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion.

Castro-E-Silva O, D'Albuquerque LAC, Silveira MRG, Zorzi P, Liu JB, Campos DTQ, Victorino JP, Jordani MC, Mendes KDS, Évora PRB. Castro-E-Silva O, et al. Acta Cir Bras. 2018 Dec;33(12):1043-1051. doi: 10.1590/s0102-865020180120000001. Acta Cir Bras. 2018. PMID: 30624509 Free article.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of methylene blue (MB) therapy during the liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) process. ...AST levels were increased in all ischemic with or without MB. CONCLUSIONS: The methylene blue was not able to restore the mitoc …

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of methylene blue (MB) therapy during the liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) process. ...A …

63

Chemical features of the photosensitizers new methylene blue N and S137 influence their subcellular localization and photoinactivation efficiency in Candida albicans.

Rodrigues GB, Brancini GTP, Uyemura SA, Bachmann L, Wainwright M, Braga GUL. Rodrigues GB, et al. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2020 Aug;209:111942. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111942. Epub 2020 Jun 21. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2020. PMID: 32622296

Among the phenothiazinium dyes tested as photoantifungals, new methylene blue N (NMBN) and the novel pentacyclic compound S137 are the most efficient. ...S137 localizes mostly to the cell membrane and, upon light exposure, photo-oxidizes membrane lipids. NMBN readil …

Among the phenothiazinium dyes tested as photoantifungals, new methylene blue N (NMBN) and the novel pentacyclic compound S137 …

64

Anti-Aging Potentials of Methylene Blue for Human Skin Longevity.

Xiong ZM, O'Donovan M, Sun L, Choi JY, Ren M, Cao K. Xiong ZM, et al. Sci Rep. 2017 May 30;7(1):2475. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02419-3. Sci Rep. 2017. PMID: 28559565 Free PMC article.

Application of antioxidants in skin care is well accepted as an effective approach to delay the skin aging process. Methylene blue (MB), a traditional mitochondrial-targeting antioxidant, showed a potent ROS scavenging efficacy in cultured human skin fibroblasts der …

Application of antioxidants in skin care is well accepted as an effective approach to delay the skin aging process. Methylene blue …

65

Methylene Blue Reduces Acute Cerebral Ischemic Injury via the Induction of Mitophagy.

Di Y, He YL, Zhao T, Huang X, Wu KW, Liu SH, Zhao YQ, Fan M, Wu LY, Zhu LL. Di Y, et al. Mol Med. 2015 May 19;21(1):420-9. doi: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00038. Mol Med. 2015. PMID: 25998511 Free PMC article.

The treatment of stroke is limited by a short therapeutic window and a lack of effective clinical drugs. Methylene blue (MB) has been used in laboratories and clinics since the 1890s. Few studies have reported the neuroprotective role of MB in cerebral ischemia-repe …

The treatment of stroke is limited by a short therapeutic window and a lack of effective clinical drugs. Methylene blue (MB) h …

66

Methylene blue is neuroprotective against mild traumatic brain injury.

Talley Watts L, Long JA, Chemello J, Van Koughnet S, Fernandez A, Huang S, Shen Q, Duong TQ. Talley Watts L, et al. J Neurotrauma. 2014 Jun 1;31(11):1063-71. doi: 10.1089/neu.2013.3193. Epub 2014 Apr 8. J Neurotrauma. 2014. PMID: 24479842 Free PMC article.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Methylene blue (MB) has known energy-enhancing and antioxidant properties. This study tested the hypothesis that MB treatment reduces lesion volume and behavioral deficits in a rat mo …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Methylene blue (MB) has known energy-enhanc …

67

Activation of Nrf2 by methylene blue is associated with the neuroprotection against MPP(+) induced toxicity via ameliorating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Bhurtel S, Bok E, Katila N, Kim J, Choi DY. Bhurtel S, et al. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Oct;192:114719. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114719. Epub 2021 Aug 2. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021. PMID: 34352280

In this study, we attempted to determine the neuroprotective effects of methylene blue (MB) against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced neurotoxicity, and to elucidate its action mechanism. ...

In this study, we attempted to determine the neuroprotective effects of methylene blue (MB) against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridiniu …

68

Fluorescence Polarization of Methylene Blue as a Quantitative Marker of Breast Cancer at the Cellular Level.

Yaroslavsky AN, Feng X, Muzikansky A, Hamblin MR. Yaroslavsky AN, et al. Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 30;9(1):940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38265-0. Sci Rep. 2019. PMID: 30700827 Free PMC article.

We discovered that the fluorescence polarization (Fpol) of Methylene Blue (MB) is significantly higher in cancer than in normal human breast tissues and cells. ...We determined that higher fluorescence polarization of MB occurs due to its increased accumulation in …

We discovered that the fluorescence polarization (Fpol) of Methylene Blue (MB) is significantly higher in cancer than in norma …

69

Bypassing the compromised mitochondrial electron transport with methylene blue alleviates efavirenz/isoniazid-induced oxidant stress and mitochondria-mediated cell death in mouse hepatocytes.

Lee KK, Boelsterli UA. Lee KK, et al. Redox Biol. 2014;2:599-609. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.03.003. Epub 2014 Mar 13. Redox Biol. 2014. PMID: 25460728 Free PMC article.

Because both EFV and INH have been implicated in targeting mitochondria, we aimed at exploring whether the two drugs might cause synergistic effects on the electron transport chain. ...The acylamidase inhibitor bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate prevented cell injury, suggesting …

Because both EFV and INH have been implicated in targeting mitochondria, we aimed at exploring whether the two drugs might cause syne …

70

Methylene blue prevents methylmalonate-induced seizures and oxidative damage in rat striatum.

Furian AF, Fighera MR, Oliveira MS, Ferreira AP, Fiorenza NG, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Petry JC, Coelho RC, Mello CF, Royes LF. Furian AF, et al. Neurochem Int. 2007 Jan;50(1):164-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.07.012. Epub 2006 Sep 11. Neurochem Int. 2007. PMID: 16963161

Methylene blue (MB) is a thiazine dye with cationic and lipophilic properties that acts as an electron transfer mediator in the mitochondria. ...

Methylene blue (MB) is a thiazine dye with cationic and lipophilic properties that acts as an electron transfer mediator in th …

71

Methylene Blue Partially Rescues Heart Defects in a Drosophila Model of Huntington's Disease.

Heidari R, Monnier V, Martin E, Tricoire H. Heidari R, et al. J Huntingtons Dis. 2015;4(2):173-86. doi: 10.3233/JHD-140130. J Huntingtons Dis. 2015. PMID: 26397898

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to characterize two new inducible Drosophila HD heart models and to assay the therapeutic potential of methylene blue in these HD models. METHODS: We report the construction of inducible Drosophila HD heart models, expressing two …

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to characterize two new inducible Drosophila HD heart models and to assay the therapeutic potential of …

72

Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HeLa cell.

Lu Y, Jiao R, Chen X, Zhong J, Ji J, Shen P. Lu Y, et al. J Cell Biochem. 2008 Dec 15;105(6):1451-60. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21965. J Cell Biochem. 2008. PMID: 18980251

Methylene blue (MB), a widely studied reagent, is investigated in this work for its usage in photodynamic therapy (PDT). ...This led to loss of the pro-survival function of Bcl-xL and resulted in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. This study provides solid evid …

Methylene blue (MB), a widely studied reagent, is investigated in this work for its usage in photodynamic therapy (PDT). ...Th …

73

The antimalarial activities of methylene blue and the 1,4-naphthoquinone 3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-menadione are not due to inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

Ehrhardt K, Davioud-Charvet E, Ke H, Vaidya AB, Lanzer M, Deponte M. Ehrhardt K, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 May;57(5):2114-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02248-12. Epub 2013 Feb 25. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013. PMID: 23439633 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue and a series of recently developed 1,4-naphthoquinones, including 3-[4-(substituted)benzyl]-menadiones, are potent antimalarial agents in vitro and in vivo. ...According to the current theory, redox-active methylene blue and 3-[4-(triflu …

Methylene blue and a series of recently developed 1,4-naphthoquinones, including 3-[4-(substituted)benzyl]-menadiones, are pot …

74

Attenuation of noise-induced hearing loss using methylene blue.

Park JS, Jou I, Park SM. Park JS, et al. Cell Death Dis. 2014 Apr 24;5(4):e1200. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2014.170. Cell Death Dis. 2014. PMID: 24763057 Free PMC article.

In this study, we discovered that in BALB/c mice pretreatment with methylene blue (MB) for 4 consecutive days significantly protected against cochlear injury by intense broad-band noise for 3 h. ...

In this study, we discovered that in BALB/c mice pretreatment with methylene blue (MB) for 4 consecutive days significantly pr …

75

Apoptosis induction by different pathways with methylene blue derivative and light from mitochondrial sites in V79 cells.

Noodt BB, Rodal GH, Wainwright M, Peng Q, Horobin R, Nesland JM, Berg K. Noodt BB, et al. Int J Cancer. 1998 Mar 16;75(6):941-8. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980316)75:6<941::aid-ijc18>3.0.co;2-5. Int J Cancer. 1998. PMID: 9506541

The importance of mitochondria for the induction of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy (PDT) was studied with a new photosensitizing dye, methylene blue derivative (MBD), and light. By using fluorescence microscopy and by measuring the MBD-PDT-induced inhibiti …

The importance of mitochondria for the induction of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy (PDT) was studied with a new photosensitizing d …

76

Methylene blue protects primary rat retinal ganglion cells from cellular senescence.

Daudt DR 3rd, Mueller B, Park YH, Wen Y, Yorio T. Daudt DR 3rd, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Jul 10;53(8):4657-67. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-9734. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012. PMID: 22661471

Cytochrome c oxidase activity was measured using a cytochrome c oxidase assay kit to monitor the health of mitochondria. RESULTS: Methylene blue (1 muM and 10 muM) significantly protected RGCs against 24 hours of 1 muM rotenone. ...Methylene blue …

Cytochrome c oxidase activity was measured using a cytochrome c oxidase assay kit to monitor the health of mitochondria. RESULTS: …

77

Methylene Blue Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Striatal Cells: Therapeutic Implications in Huntington's Disease Neuropathology.

Hale HK, Elias KM, Ho S, Kwakye GF. Hale HK, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Nov 1;26(21):10672. doi: 10.3390/ijms262110672. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. PMID: 41226707 Free PMC article.

Previous research suggests that disruptions in the bioenergetics of the mitochondria and increased oxidative stress are potential inducers of HD. Therapies that enhance antioxidant pathways intend to target and attenuate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species associ …

Previous research suggests that disruptions in the bioenergetics of the mitochondria and increased oxidative stress are potential ind …

78

Methylene blue attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction of rat kidney during experimental acute pancreatitis.

Kuliaviene I, Baniene R, Virketyte S, Kincius M, Jansen E, Gulbinas A, Kupcinskas L, Trumbeckaite S, Borutaite V. Kuliaviene I, et al. J Dig Dis. 2016 Mar;17(3):186-92. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12328. J Dig Dis. 2016. PMID: 26861116

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of methylene blue (MB) on pancreas and kidney mitochondrial respiratory functions during experimental acute pancreatitis in rats. ...RESULTS: Intravenous injection of MB did not prevent AP-induced inhibition of pancrea …

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of methylene blue (MB) on pancreas and kidney mitochondrial respiratory functi …

79

Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation Is Responsible for Ferroptosis.

Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. Lyamzaev KG, et al. Cells. 2023 Feb 13;12(4):611. doi: 10.3390/cells12040611. Cells. 2023. PMID: 36831278 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue, a redox agent that inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, also inhibits ferroptosis and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Activation of ROS production in complex I with rot …

Methylene blue, a redox agent that inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in complex I of the mitochondrial …

80

Lipophilic methylene violet analogues as modulators of mitochondrial function and dysfunction.

Roy Chowdhury S, Khdour OM, Bandyopadhyay I, Hecht SM. Roy Chowdhury S, et al. Bioorg Med Chem. 2017 Oct 15;25(20):5537-5547. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.021. Epub 2017 Aug 18. Bioorg Med Chem. 2017. PMID: 28927904

In an effort to identify methylene blue analogues having improved antioxidant activity, a series of new methylene violet analogues have been designed and synthesized. ...The analogues were found to be better antioxidants than the parent compounds methylene …

In an effort to identify methylene blue analogues having improved antioxidant activity, a series of new methylene viole …

81

Spermatozoal methylene blue reduction: an indicator of mitochondrial function and its correlation with motility.

Chandler JE, Harrison CM, Canal AM. Chandler JE, et al. Theriogenology. 2000 Jul 15;54(2):261-71. doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00346-0. Theriogenology. 2000. PMID: 11003306

A chemical reaction (H2SO4, methylene blue solution, and zinc powder) was used to quantify methylene blue reduction. ...Methylene blue reduction rates and motility decreased at each subsequent period. Methylene blue reductio …

A chemical reaction (H2SO4, methylene blue solution, and zinc powder) was used to quantify methylene blue reduct …

82

Beyond phototoxicity: The dark side of new methylene blue on mitochondrial and cellular bioenergetics.

Klosowski EM, de Souza BTL, Nanami LF, da Silva MC, Mito MS, Esquissato GNM, Joia BM, Menezes PVMDC, Caetano W, Pereira PCS, Dos Santos JJ, Balbinot RB, Garcia FP, Bidoia DL, Nakamura TU, Nakamura CV, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Ferro AP, Dos Santos WD, Ferrarese-Filho O, Marchiosi R, Constantin RP. Klosowski EM, et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Dec 1;240:314-338. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.08.037. Epub 2025 Aug 20. Free Radic Biol Med. 2025. PMID: 40846101

New methylene blue (NMB) is a phenothiazine dye with recognized photodynamic properties. This study evaluated both light-dependent and intrinsic (light-independent) effects of NMB on mitochondrial function, hepatic metabolism, and cell viability using three models: …

New methylene blue (NMB) is a phenothiazine dye with recognized photodynamic properties. This study evaluated both light-depen …

83

Effect of Hepatic Preconditioning with the Use of Methylene Blue on the Liver of Wistar Rats Submitted to Ischemia and Reperfusion.

de Almeida TN, Victorino JP, Bistafa Liu J, Tófoli Queiroz Campos D, Graf C, Jordani MC, Carneiro d'Albuquerque LA, Mendes KDS, Castro-E-Silva O. de Almeida TN, et al. Transplant Proc. 2018 Apr;50(3):841-847. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.02.002. Transplant Proc. 2018. PMID: 29661450

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of ischemic preconditioning with the use of methylene blue (MB; 15 mg/kg) 5 or 15 minutes before I/R (IRMB5' and IRMB15', respectively) on the hepatic injury occurring after I/R. ...The respiratory control ratio was red …

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of ischemic preconditioning with the use of methylene blue (MB; 15 mg/kg) 5 or …

84

Enhanced hydrogen peroxide generation accompanies the beneficial bioenergetic effects of methylene blue in isolated brain mitochondria.

Tretter L, Horvath G, Hölgyesi A, Essek F, Adam-Vizi V. Tretter L, et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Dec;77:317-30. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.024. Epub 2014 Sep 30. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014. PMID: 25277417 Free article.

The redox dye methylene blue (MB) is proven to have beneficial effects in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. ...The elevated generation and impaired elimination of H2O2 should be considered for the overall oxidative state of mitochondria treated wi …

The redox dye methylene blue (MB) is proven to have beneficial effects in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. ...The …

85

Apoptosis induced by methylene-blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in melanomas and the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction revealed by proteomics.

Chen Y, Zheng W, Li Y, Zhong J, Ji J, Shen P. Chen Y, et al. Cancer Sci. 2008 Oct;99(10):2019-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00910.x. Cancer Sci. 2008. PMID: 19016762 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB) is a widely studied agent currently under investigation for its properties relating to photodynamic therapy (PDT). ...However, the mechanistic explanation for methylene-blue-mediated photodynamic therapy (MB-PDT) in the context of m …

Methylene blue (MB) is a widely studied agent currently under investigation for its properties relating to photodynamic therap …

86

Conjugates of methylene blue with gamma-carboline derivatives as new multifunctional agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Bachurin SO, Makhaeva GF, Shevtsova EF, Boltneva NP, Kovaleva NV, Lushchekina SV, Rudakova EV, Dubova LG, Vinogradova DV, Sokolov VB, Aksinenko AY, Fisenko VP, Richardson RJ, Aliev G. Bachurin SO, et al. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 19;9(1):4873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41272-4. Sci Rep. 2019. PMID: 30890752 Free PMC article.

We studied the inhibitory activity of methylene blue (MB) gamma-carbolines (gC) conjugates (MB-gCs) against human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and a structurally related enzyme, porcine liver carboxylesterase (C …

We studied the inhibitory activity of methylene blue (MB) gamma-carbolines (gC) conjugates (MB-gCs) against human erythrocyte …

87

Stimulation of respiration by methylene blue in rat liver mitochondria.

Visarius TM, Stucki JW, Lauterburg BH. Visarius TM, et al. FEBS Lett. 1997 Jul 21;412(1):157-60. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00767-9. FEBS Lett. 1997. PMID: 9257711 Free article.

The effect of methylene blue on isolated rat liver mitochondria in the presence and absence of chloroacetaldehyde was investigated. ...In uncoupled mitochondria, methylene blue promoted a concentration-dependent stimulation of respiration …

The effect of methylene blue on isolated rat liver mitochondria in the presence and absence of chloroacetaldehyde was i …

88

Antifungal Action of Methylene Blue Involves Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Disruption of Redox and Membrane Homeostasis in C. albicans.

Ansari MA, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Ansari MA, et al. Open Microbiol J. 2016 Feb 25;10:12-22. doi: 10.2174/1874285801610010012. eCollection 2016. Open Microbiol J. 2016. PMID: 27006725 Free PMC article.

In this study, we explored that the antifungal action of Methylene blue (MB) is mediated through mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of redox and membrane homeostasis against C. albicans. ...We explored that MB treated Candida cells were sensitive on non-fermen …

In this study, we explored that the antifungal action of Methylene blue (MB) is mediated through mitochondrial dysfunction and …

89

Inhibition of (mono)amine oxidase activity and prevention of ifosfamide encephalopathy by methylene blue.

Aeschlimann C, Cerny T, Küpfer A. Aeschlimann C, et al. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Dec;24(12):1336-9. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996. PMID: 8971139

The clinical application of ifosfamide is hampered by a central nervous side effect, the so-called ifosfamide encephalopathy. Methylene blue is effective in prophylaxis and reversal of this side effect. In the present study, the in vitro inhibition of (mono)amine ox …

The clinical application of ifosfamide is hampered by a central nervous side effect, the so-called ifosfamide encephalopathy. Methylene …

90

Heme oxygnease-1 induction by methylene blue protects RAW264.7 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced injury.

Zhang XT, Sun XQ, Wu C, Chen JL, Yuan JJ, Pang QF, Wang ZP. Zhang XT, et al. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018 Feb;148:265-277. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.015. Epub 2018 Jan 5. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018. PMID: 29309766

Although methylene blue (MB) has showed strong antioxidant effect, its effect related with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is still unclear. ...

Although methylene blue (MB) has showed strong antioxidant effect, its effect related with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is still un …

91

Mitochondria-rich cells of frog skin in transport mechanisms: morphological and kinetic studies on transepithelial excretion of methylene blue.

Ehrenfeld J, Masoni A, Garcia-Romeu F. Ehrenfeld J, et al. Am J Physiol. 1976 Jul;231(1):120-6. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.1.120. Am J Physiol. 1976. PMID: 1085569

The mitochondria-rich cells were shown to excrete methylene blue [3,9-bis-(dimethylamino)-phenozathionum chloride]. A kinetic study of this excretion across the isolated epithelium of Rana esculenta skin showed that the mechanism of the excretion was a satura …

The mitochondria-rich cells were shown to excrete methylene blue [3,9-bis-(dimethylamino)-phenozathionum chloride]. A k …

92

Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenases by methylene blue.

Helander A, Cronholm T, Tottmar O. Helander A, et al. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Dec 14;46(12):2135-8. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90601-r. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993. PMID: 8274146

The effect of the redox dye methylene blue on the stability of NADH and on the activity of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH; EC 1.2.1.3) was examined. ...Incubation of NADH solutions in the presence of methylene blue resulted in a time-dependent …

The effect of the redox dye methylene blue on the stability of NADH and on the activity of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase ( …

93

MEF2D Mediates the Neuroprotective Effect of Methylene Blue Against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Damage in HT22 Hippocampal Cells.

Chen ZW, Liu A, Liu Q, Chen J, Li WM, Chao XJ, Yang Q, Liu PQ, Mao ZX, Pi RB. Chen ZW, et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Apr;54(3):2209-2222. doi: 10.1007/s12035-016-9818-1. Epub 2016 Mar 3. Mol Neurobiol. 2017. PMID: 26941101

Methylene blue (MB) can ameliorate behavioral, neurochemical, and neuropathological impairments in animal models of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. ...

Methylene blue (MB) can ameliorate behavioral, neurochemical, and neuropathological impairments in animal models of acute and …

94

Combined activation of the energy and cellular-defense pathways may explain the potent anti-senescence activity of methylene blue.

Atamna H, Atamna W, Al-Eyd G, Shanower G, Dhahbi JM. Atamna H, et al. Redox Biol. 2015 Dec;6:426-435. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.004. Epub 2015 Sep 10. Redox Biol. 2015. PMID: 26386875 Free PMC article.

Methylene blue (MB) delays cellular senescence, induces complex-IV, and activates Keap1/Nrf2; however, the molecular link of these effects to MB is unclear. ...

Methylene blue (MB) delays cellular senescence, induces complex-IV, and activates Keap1/Nrf2; however, the molecular link of t …

95

After Treatment with Methylene Blue is Effective against Delayed Encephalopathy after Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Zhao N, Liang P, Zhuo X, Su C, Zong X, Guo B, Han D, Yan X, Hu S, Zhang Q, Tie X. Zhao N, et al. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018 May;122(5):470-480. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12940. Epub 2017 Dec 26. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018. PMID: 29151273

Growing evidence indicates that delayed cerebral damage after CO poisoning is related to oxidative stress, abnormal neuro-inflammation, apoptosis and immune-mediated injury. Our recent report indicated that methylene blue (MB) may be a promising therapeutic agent in …

Growing evidence indicates that delayed cerebral damage after CO poisoning is related to oxidative stress, abnormal neuro-inflammation, apop …

96

Supravital uptake of methylene blue by dendritic cells within stratified squamous epithelia: a light and electron microscope study.

Müller T. Müller T. Biotech Histochem. 1996 Mar;71(2):96-101. doi: 10.3109/10520299609117142. Biotech Histochem. 1996. PMID: 9138539

Electron microscopic data on methylene blue staining of dendritic cells in the epithelia of the soft palate and skin of the mouse after supravital dye injection are presented. The ultra-structural details were compared with corresponding light microscopic findings. …

Electron microscopic data on methylene blue staining of dendritic cells in the epithelia of the soft palate and skin of the mo …

97

Ifosfamide - History, efficacy, toxicity and encephalopathy.

Idle JR, Beyoğlu D. Idle JR, et al. Pharmacol Ther. 2023 Mar;243:108366. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108366. Epub 2023 Feb 25. Pharmacol Ther. 2023. PMID: 36842616 Review.

It is concluded that IFO produces encephalopathy in susceptible patients, but CP does not, by a "perfect storm," involving all of these five metabolites. Methylene blue (MB) administration appears to be generally effective in the prevention and treatment of IIE, in …

It is concluded that IFO produces encephalopathy in susceptible patients, but CP does not, by a "perfect storm," involving all of these five …

98

Methylene Blue Protects Spatial Working Memory after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice by Affecting Mitochondrial Quality Control System.

Gureev AP, Babenkova PI, Nesterova VV, Volodina DE, Sadovnikova IS, Starodubtsev KA, Ivanov ME, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY. Gureev AP, et al. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2025 Jun;179(2):201-205. doi: 10.1007/s10517-025-06458-z. Epub 2025 Aug 29. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2025. PMID: 40879922

The levels of inflammatory markers increased in both mouse blood plasma and affected brain area 24 days after traumatic brain injury, which was accompanied by impairment of spatial working memory. Methylene blue administered during the first 3 days after injury redu …

The levels of inflammatory markers increased in both mouse blood plasma and affected brain area 24 days after traumatic brain injury, which …

99

Enhanced Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy by Coupling a Cell-Penetrating Peptide with Methylene Blue.

Ser J, Lee JY, Kim YH, Cho H. Ser J, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020 Aug 6;15:5803-5811. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S254881. eCollection 2020. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020. PMID: 32821102 Free PMC article.

METHODS: We conjugated cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) with methylene blue (MB) and then purification by FPLC. Synthesis structure was characterized by the absorbance spectrum, FPLC, Maldi-TOF, and then evaluated cell viability by cytotoxicity assay after photodyna …

METHODS: We conjugated cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) with methylene blue (MB) and then purification by FPLC. Synthesis stru …

100

Mitochondrial respiration as a target for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement.

Gonzalez-Lima F, Barksdale BR, Rojas JC. Gonzalez-Lima F, et al. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Apr 15;88(4):584-93. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.010. Epub 2013 Dec 4. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014. PMID: 24316434 Review.

We propose three different interventional approaches to improve brain mitochondrial respiration based on (a) pharmacology, (b) photobiomodulation and (c) nutrition interventions, and provide detailed examples for each type of intervention. First, low-dose USP methylene …

We propose three different interventional approaches to improve brain mitochondrial respiration based on (a) pharmacology, (b) photobiomodul …

101

Combining lipoic acid to methylene blue reduces the Warburg effect in CHO cells: From TCA cycle activation to enhancing monoclonal antibody production.

Montégut L, Martínez-Basilio PC, da Veiga Moreira J, Schwartz L, Jolicoeur M. Montégut L, et al. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 16;15(4):e0231770. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231770. eCollection 2020. PLoS One. 2020. PMID: 32298377 Free PMC article.

The electron shuttle function of a second drug, methylene blue, enhanced the mitochondrial capacity. It pulled on anaplerotic pathways while reducing stress signals and resulted in a 24% increase of the maximum mAb production. ...

The electron shuttle function of a second drug, methylene blue, enhanced the mitochondrial capacity. It pulled on anaplerotic …

102

Photodynamic inactivation of primary human fibroblasts by methylene blue and toluidine blue O.

Kashef N, Ravaei Sharif Abadi G, Djavid GE. Kashef N, et al. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2012 Dec;9(4):355-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.001. Epub 2012 Jun 26. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2012. PMID: 23200017

We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of PDI to primary human fibroblasts using methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) as the photosensitizers. METHODS: The primary human fibroblasts were exposed to PDI regimes that were used for the inactivation of …

We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of PDI to primary human fibroblasts using methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue …

103

Metabolic Shift and Hyperosmolarity Underlie Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Schwartz L, Schwartz J, Henry M, Bakkar A. Schwartz L, et al. Life (Basel). 2024 Sep 20;14(9):1189. doi: 10.3390/life14091189. Life (Basel). 2024. PMID: 39337971 Free PMC article. Review.

The link between AMD and hyperosmolarity is reinforced by the fact that treatments aiming to restore mitochondrial activity, such as lipoic acid and/or methylene blue, have been experimentally shown to be effective. We suggest that metabolic shift, inflammation, and …

The link between AMD and hyperosmolarity is reinforced by the fact that treatments aiming to restore mitochondrial activity, such as lipoic …

104

Mitochondrial dysfunction mediates neuronal cell response to DMMB photodynamic therapy.

de Ávila Narciso Gomes R, Marmolejo-Garza A, Haan FJ, García TM, Chen T, Mauthe M, Moreira Franco Parisotto YE, Murakami MM Jr, Marie SKN, Baptista MS, Dolga AM, Trombetta-Lima M. de Ávila Narciso Gomes R, et al. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2023 Mar;1870(3):119429. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119429. Epub 2023 Jan 3. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2023. PMID: 36608805 Free article.

The effect of PDT on healthy neurons is one main concern over its use in the CNS, since neuronal-like cells were shown to be particularly sensitive to certain PSs. Among available PSs, 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) stands out as being resistant to reduction to …

The effect of PDT on healthy neurons is one main concern over its use in the CNS, since neuronal-like cells were shown to be particularly se …

105

Selective lesioning of interstitial cells of Cajal by methylene blue and light leads to loss of slow waves.

Liu LW, Thuneberg L, Huizinga JD. Liu LW, et al. Am J Physiol. 1994 Mar;266(3 Pt 1):G485-96. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.3.G485. Am J Physiol. 1994. PMID: 8166287

Incubation with 50 microM methylene blue (MB) and subsequent intense illumination resulted in abolition of the slow-wave activity in the submuscular interstitial cells of Cajal-circular muscle (ICC-CM) preparations of canine colon. ...After 4- to 10-min illumination …

Incubation with 50 microM methylene blue (MB) and subsequent intense illumination resulted in abolition of the slow-wave activ …

106

Cancer and Alzheimer's disease: intracellular pH scales the metabolic disorders.

Schwartz L, Peres S, Jolicoeur M, da Veiga Moreira J. Schwartz L, et al. Biogerontology. 2020 Dec;21(6):683-694. doi: 10.1007/s10522-020-09888-6. Epub 2020 Jul 2. Biogerontology. 2020. PMID: 32617766 Review.

These pathologies share common risk factors (inflammation and aging), with similar epidemiological and biochemical features such as impaired mitochondria. Metabolic reprogramming occurs during aging and inflammation. We assume that inflammation is directly responsible of t …

These pathologies share common risk factors (inflammation and aging), with similar epidemiological and biochemical features such as impaired …

107

Fe(III) -Doped Two-Dimensional C(3) N(4) Nanofusiform: A New O(2) -Evolving and Mitochondria-Targeting Photodynamic Agent for MRI and Enhanced Antitumor Therapy.

Ma Z, Zhang M, Jia X, Bai J, Ruan Y, Wang C, Sun X, Jiang X. Ma Z, et al. Small. 2016 Oct;12(39):5477-5487. doi: 10.1002/smll.201601681. Epub 2016 Aug 29. Small. 2016. PMID: 27569525

Local hypoxia in tumors, as well as the short lifetime and limited action region of (1) O(2) , are undesirable impediments for photodynamic therapy (PDT), leading to a greatly reduced effectiveness. To overcome these adversities, a mitochondria-targeting, H(2) O(2) -activa …

Local hypoxia in tumors, as well as the short lifetime and limited action region of (1) O(2) , are undesirable impediments for photodynamic …

108

Stroke neuroprotection: targeting mitochondria.

Watts LT, Lloyd R, Garling RJ, Duong T. Watts LT, et al. Brain Sci. 2013 Apr 19;3(2):540-60. doi: 10.3390/brainsci3020540. Brain Sci. 2013. PMID: 24961414 Free PMC article.

The goal of this review is to focus on mitochondrial-dependent therapeutic agents that could provide neuroprotection following stroke. Dysfunctional mitochondria are linked to neurodegeneration in many disease processes including stroke. The mechanisms reviewed include: (1 …

The goal of this review is to focus on mitochondrial-dependent therapeutic agents that could provide neuroprotection following stroke. Dysfu …

109

Mitigation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury by methylene blue, a repurposed drug, is mediated by dual inhibition of GSK3beta downstream of PKA.

Wu HM, Lee CG, Hwang SJ, Kim SG. Wu HM, et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Jun;171(11):2790-802. doi: 10.1111/bph.12637. Br J Pharmacol. 2014. PMID: 24641162 Free PMC article.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Methylene blue (MB) has recently been considered for new therapeutic applications. In this study, we investigated whether MB has antioxidant and mitochondria-protecting effects and can prevent the development of toxicant-induced hepati …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Methylene blue (MB) has recently been considered for new therapeutic applications. In this study, we i …

110

Apoptosis inducing factor deficiency causes retinal photoreceptor degeneration. The protective role of the redox compound methylene blue.

Mekala NK, Kurdys J, Depuydt MM, Vazquez EJ, Rosca MG. Mekala NK, et al. Redox Biol. 2019 Jan;20:107-117. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.023. Epub 2018 Sep 29. Redox Biol. 2019. PMID: 30300862 Free PMC article.

We investigated the effect of mitochondrial OXPHOS deficiency on retinal photoreceptors in a model of mitochondrial complex I defect (apoptosis inducing factor, AIF-deficient mice, Harlequin mice), and tested the protective effect of a mitochondrial redox compound (methylene …

We investigated the effect of mitochondrial OXPHOS deficiency on retinal photoreceptors in a model of mitochondrial complex I defect (apopto …

111

The critical role of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis: insights from recent studies.

Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. Lyamzaev KG, et al. Biophys Rev. 2023 Sep 13;15(5):875-885. doi: 10.1007/s12551-023-01126-w. eCollection 2023 Oct. Biophys Rev. 2023. PMID: 37974984 Free PMC article. Review.

Modern investigative tools, such as mitochondria-specific dyes responsive to lipid peroxidation and antioxidants targeting mitochondria, have been employed to delve into this phenomenon. ...Similarly, the redox agent methylene blue, impeding the genesi …

Modern investigative tools, such as mitochondria-specific dyes responsive to lipid peroxidation and antioxidants targeting mitocho …

112

Inhibition and stimulation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation by chloroacetaldehyde and methylene blue in rats.

Visarius TM, Stucki JW, Lauterburg BH. Visarius TM, et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):820-4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999. PMID: 10215658

The effects of chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) and methylene blue, both alone and together, on mitochondrial metabolism, hepatic glutathione content, and bile flow were investigated in rats. ...Taken together, this study demonstrates that CAA inhibits palmitic acid metabol …

The effects of chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) and methylene blue, both alone and together, on mitochondrial metabolism, hepatic glut …

113

Preservation of neuromuscular function in symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice by peripheral infusion of methylene blue.

Talbot JD, Barrett JN, Nonner D, Zhang Z, Wicomb K, Barrett EF. Talbot JD, et al. Exp Neurol. 2016 Nov;285(Pt A):96-107. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.013. Epub 2016 Aug 25. Exp Neurol. 2016. PMID: 27567739

This study tested whether localized peripheral application of a protective drug could effectively preserve neuromuscular junctions in late-stage disease. Methylene blue (MB), which has mitochondria-protective properties, was infused via an osmotic pump into t …

This study tested whether localized peripheral application of a protective drug could effectively preserve neuromuscular junctions in late-s …

114

Intranasal methylene blue administration confers neuroprotection in rats subjected to exhaustive exercise training.

Peng G, Pan W, Cai Z, Lin L, Ma X. Peng G, et al. Front Behav Neurosci. 2025 Sep 23;19:1648837. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1648837. eCollection 2025. Front Behav Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 41064749 Free PMC article.

This study aimed to determine whether intranasal methylene blue (MB) could prevent neurological deficits induced by exhaustive exercise in a rat model. ...

This study aimed to determine whether intranasal methylene blue (MB) could prevent neurological deficits induced by exhaustive …

115

Metabolic reprogramming mediated PD-L1 depression and hypoxia reversion to reactivate tumor therapy.

Zhou Z, Liu Y, Song W, Jiang X, Deng Z, Xiong W, Shen J. Zhou Z, et al. J Control Release. 2022 Dec;352:793-812. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.004. Epub 2022 Nov 11. J Control Release. 2022. PMID: 36343761

In such a nanosystem, manganese dioxide albumin (MnO(2)@Alb) was used as the drug carrier, Butformin (Bu) as mitochondria-associated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disruption agent with PD-L1 depression and oxygen reversion ability, and methylene blue (MB …

In such a nanosystem, manganese dioxide albumin (MnO(2)@Alb) was used as the drug carrier, Butformin (Bu) as mitochondria-associated …

116

Exogenous Iron Induces Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation, Lipofuscin Accumulation, and Ferroptosis in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes.

Lyamzaev KG, Huan H, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. Lyamzaev KG, et al. Biomolecules. 2024 Jun 19;14(6):730. doi: 10.3390/biom14060730. Biomolecules. 2024. PMID: 38927133 Free PMC article.

We show that supplementation of exogenous iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate at submillimolar doses induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in mitochondria that precede ferroptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The mitochondria- …

We show that supplementation of exogenous iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate at submillimolar doses induces production of reactive …

117

The effect of methylene blue-sensitized photodynamic treatment on bladder cancer cells: a further study on flow cytometric basis.

Yu DS, Chang SY, Ma CP. Yu DS, et al. J Urol. 1993 May;149(5):1198-201. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36347-4. J Urol. 1993. PMID: 7683345

The cytotoxic effect mediated by methylene blue-sensitized photoinactivation on bladder cancer cells has been well known for years, but the actual mechanism is still not clear. ...These multistage processes occurred synchronously after the phototherapy. Our results …

The cytotoxic effect mediated by methylene blue-sensitized photoinactivation on bladder cancer cells has been well known for y …

118

Bioenergetic bypass using cell-permeable succinate, but not methylene blue, attenuates metformin-induced lactate production.

Piel S, Ehinger JK, Chamkha I, Frostner EÅ, Sjövall F, Elmér E, Hansson MJ. Piel S, et al. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2018 Aug 1;6(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s40635-018-0186-1. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2018. PMID: 30069806 Free PMC article.

METHODS: The redox agent methylene blue and the cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 were evaluated by measuring mitochondrial respiration and lactate production of human platelets exposed to metformin and co-treated with either of the two pharmacological bypass a …

METHODS: The redox agent methylene blue and the cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 were evaluated by measuring mitochondri …

119

In vitro photodynamic activity of a series of methylene blue analogues.

Mellish KJ, Cox RD, Vernon DI, Griffiths J, Brown SB. Mellish KJ, et al. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 Apr;75(4):392-7. doi: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0392:ivpaoa>2.0.co;2. Photochem Photobiol. 2002. PMID: 12003129

On exposure to light, methylene blue relocalized to the nucleus, the ethyl analogue did not relocalize, whereas the more phototoxic n-propyl - n-hexyl analogues relocalized to the mitochondria. Relocalization to the mitochondria was associated with an …

On exposure to light, methylene blue relocalized to the nucleus, the ethyl analogue did not relocalize, whereas the more photo …

120

Internalization of the Aspergillus nidulans AstA Transporter into Mitochondria Depends on Growth Conditions, and Affects ATP Levels and Sulfite Oxidase Activity.

Piłsyk S, Mieczkowski A, Golan MP, Wawrzyniak A, Kruszewska JS. Piłsyk S, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 19;21(20):7727. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207727. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 33086570 Free PMC article.

AstA is also recruited to the mitochondria in the presence of mitochondria-affecting compounds such as menadione or antimycin A, which are also detrimental to the growth of the astA-overexpressing strain. Disruption of the Hsp70-Porin1 mitochondrial import system ei …

AstA is also recruited to the mitochondria in the presence of mitochondria-affecting compounds such as menadione or antimycin …

121

Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Presentation, and Countermeasure Development.

Ng PC, Hendry-Hofer TB, Witeof AE, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Boss GR, Haouzi P, Bebarta VS. Ng PC, et al. J Med Toxicol. 2019 Oct;15(4):287-294. doi: 10.1007/s13181-019-00710-5. Epub 2019 May 6. J Med Toxicol. 2019. PMID: 31062177 Free PMC article. Review.

Some countermeasures focus on binding free hydrogen sulfide (hydroxocobalamin, cobinamide); some have direct effects on the mitochondria (methylene blue), while others work by mitigating end organ damage by generating other substances such as nitric oxide (Na …

Some countermeasures focus on binding free hydrogen sulfide (hydroxocobalamin, cobinamide); some have direct effects on the mitochondria …

122

Mitochondrial pharmacology: electron transport chain bypass as strategies to treat mitochondrial dysfunction.

Atamna H, Mackey J, Dhahbi JM. Atamna H, et al. Biofactors. 2012 Mar-Apr;38(2):158-66. doi: 10.1002/biof.197. Epub 2012 Mar 15. Biofactors. 2012. PMID: 22419586 Free PMC article. Review.

This view has been demonstrated by testing the effect of several redox active agents on cellular senescence. Methylene blue (MB, redox potential 10 mV) appears to readily cycle between the oxidized and reduced forms using specific mitochondrial and cytosolic redox c …

This view has been demonstrated by testing the effect of several redox active agents on cellular senescence. Methylene blue (M …

123

Ultrastructural changes of bladder cancer cells following methylene blue-sensitized photodynamic treatment.

Yu DS, Chang SY, Ma CP. Yu DS, et al. Eur Urol. 1991;19(4):322-6. doi: 10.1159/000473652. Eur Urol. 1991. PMID: 1915540

MBT-2 cells were pretreated with 0.1% methylene blue, and then exposed to ordinary light for different durations from 1 to 60 min. ...This study showed that the cytotoxic effect induced by methylene blue phototherapy is initiated in the cell membrane a …

MBT-2 cells were pretreated with 0.1% methylene blue, and then exposed to ordinary light for different durations from 1 to 60 …

124

Oxidative status predicts quality in human mesenchymal stem cells.

Bertolo A, Capossela S, Fränkl G, Baur M, Pötzel T, Stoyanov J. Bertolo A, et al. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017 Jan 6;8(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0452-7. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017. PMID: 28061861 Free PMC article.

METHODS: We investigated functional aspects of mitochondria, such as cell metabolic activity indicators and expression of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, we tested if senescence-induced changes in oxidative status of MSC could be counteracted by methylene blue …

METHODS: We investigated functional aspects of mitochondria, such as cell metabolic activity indicators and expression of antioxidant …

125

Mitochondrial Targeted Antioxidant in Cerebral Ischemia.

Ahmed E, Donovan T, Yujiao L, Zhang Q. Ahmed E, et al. J Neurol Neurosci. 2015;6(2):17. doi: 10.21767/2171-6625.100017. J Neurol Neurosci. 2015. PMID: 26937332 Free PMC article.

Antioxidants dealing with mitochondria slow down the appearance and progression of symptoms in cerebral ischemia and increase the life span of organisms. The mechanisms of mitochondrial targeted antioxidants, such as SKQ1, Coenzyme Q10, MitoQ, and Methylene blue …

Antioxidants dealing with mitochondria slow down the appearance and progression of symptoms in cerebral ischemia and increase the lif …

126

Optimizing Visualization of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Tissue: Assessing the Impact of Trypan Blue Exposure on Stain Duration and Corneal Endothelial Cell Function.

Ling JJ, Kyrillos R, Burckart KA, Aldrich BT, Skeie JM, Schmidt GA, Conwell C, Ramirez T, Reed CR, Zimmerman MB, Greiner MA, Li JY. Ling JJ, et al. Cornea. 2021 Mar 1;40(3):292-298. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002440. Cornea. 2021. PMID: 32732698

Treatment wells exposed to trypan blue 0.06% (1, 5, or 30 minutes) and donor-matched control wells to methylene blue 1% (1 minute) or BSS (1, 5, or 30 minutes) were assayed for key respiration parameters. ...CEC mitochondrial respiration did not change signif …

Treatment wells exposed to trypan blue 0.06% (1, 5, or 30 minutes) and donor-matched control wells to methylene blue 1% …

127

The photosensitiser azure A disrupts mitochondrial bioenergetics through intrinsic and photodynamic effects.

de Souza BTL, Klosowski EM, Mito MS, Constantin RP, Mantovanelli GC, Mewes JM, Bizerra PFV, da Silva FSI, Menezes PVMDC, Gilglioni EH, Utsunomiya KS, Marchiosi R, Dos Santos WD, Ferrarese-Filho O, Caetano W, de Souza Pereira PC, Gonçalves RS, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin RP. de Souza BTL, et al. Toxicology. 2021 May 15;455:152766. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152766. Epub 2021 Mar 26. Toxicology. 2021. PMID: 33775737 Free article.

Azure A (AA) is a cationic molecule of the class of phenothiazines that has been applied in vitro as a photosensitising agent in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. It is a di-demethylated analogue of methylene blue (MB), which has been demonstrated to be intri …

Azure A (AA) is a cationic molecule of the class of phenothiazines that has been applied in vitro as a photosensitising agent in photodynami …

128

Mitochondrial dysfunction--a pharmacological target in Alzheimer's disease.

Eckert GP, Renner K, Eckert SH, Eckmann J, Hagl S, Abdel-Kader RM, Kurz C, Leuner K, Muller WE. Eckert GP, et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2012 Aug;46(1):136-50. doi: 10.1007/s12035-012-8271-z. Epub 2012 May 3. Mol Neurobiol. 2012. PMID: 22552779 Review.

More recently, structural changes of the network are related to bioenergetic function, and its consequences are a matter of intensive research. Several mitochondria-targeting compounds with potential efficacy in AD including dimebon, methylene blue, piracetam …

More recently, structural changes of the network are related to bioenergetic function, and its consequences are a matter of intensive resear …

129

Amino acids variations in amyloid-beta peptides, mitochondrial dysfunction, and new therapies for Alzheimer's disease.

Atamna H. Atamna H. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2009 Oct;41(5):457-64. doi: 10.1007/s10863-009-9246-2. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2009. PMID: 19806442 Review.

We focused on heme metabolism because it links iron, mitochondria, and Abeta. We generated experimental evidence showing that Abeta alters heme metabolism in neuronal cells. ...This mechanism prompted the development of methylene blue (MB), which increased he …

We focused on heme metabolism because it links iron, mitochondria, and Abeta. We generated experimental evidence showing that Abeta a …

130

Mononucleotides of the cell nucleus.

ALLFREY VG, MIRSKY AE, OSAWA S. ALLFREY VG, et al. J Gen Physiol. 1957 Jan 20;40(3):491-513. J Gen Physiol. 1957. PMID: 13398576 Free PMC article.

As to the nature of the phosphorylation, it has been shown that there exist certain differences as well as resemblances between nuclei and mitochondria. A distinctive feature of nuclear phosphorylation is that only intranuclear monophosphates seem to be phosphorylated. ... …

As to the nature of the phosphorylation, it has been shown that there exist certain differences as well as resemblances between nuclei and …

131

Ultrastructural characterization of the interstitial cells of Cajal.

Komuro T, Seki K, Horiguchi K. Komuro T, et al. Arch Histol Cytol. 1999 Oct;62(4):295-316. doi: 10.1679/aohc.62.295. Arch Histol Cytol. 1999. PMID: 10596941 Free article. Review.

ICC are characterized by the following morphological criteria: numerous mitochondria, abundant intermediate filaments and large gap junctions which connect the cells with each other and with smooth muscle cells. ...This view is reinforced by the findings of the author's gr …

ICC are characterized by the following morphological criteria: numerous mitochondria, abundant intermediate filaments and large gap j …

132

New Insights into the Mechanisms of Toxicity of Aging Microplastics.

Chelomin VP, Istomina AA, Mazur AA, Slobodskova VV, Zhukovskaya AF, Dovzhenko NV. Chelomin VP, et al. Toxics. 2024 Oct 8;12(10):726. doi: 10.3390/toxics12100726. Toxics. 2024. PMID: 39453146 Free PMC article.

In this study, in vitro experiments modeling the interaction of pristine and UV-irradiated aging polypropylene (PP) fragments with hemocytes and mitochondria of bivalve mollusks Mytilus sp. were performed. The appearance of free radicals in the environment was recorded by …

In this study, in vitro experiments modeling the interaction of pristine and UV-irradiated aging polypropylene (PP) fragments with hemocytes …

133

Methylene blue protects oligodendroglial cell models of multiple systems atrophy against hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress.

Elias KM, Muliawan WF, Moon MJ, Kwakye GF. Elias KM, et al. Neurotoxicology. 2026 Jan;112:103366. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2025.103366. Epub 2025 Dec 16. Neurotoxicology. 2026. PMID: 41412473

Point mutations in the alpha-syn gene (SNCA) are associated with MSA-A53E and G51D, but cases are mainly idiopathic. Methylene Blue (MB) is an organic dye that has been demonstrated to attenuate oxidative stress in cell models of Parkinson's and Huntington's disease …

Point mutations in the alpha-syn gene (SNCA) are associated with MSA-A53E and G51D, but cases are mainly idiopathic. Methylene Blu …

134

A review on mitochondrial restorative mechanism of antioxidants in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological conditions.

Kumar A, Singh A. Kumar A, et al. Front Pharmacol. 2015 Sep 24;6:206. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00206. eCollection 2015. Front Pharmacol. 2015. PMID: 26441662 Free PMC article. Review.

These mitochondrial-targeting bioenergetics and antioxidant compounds such as coenzyme Q10, idebenone, creatine, mitoQ, mitovitE, MitoTEMPOL, latrepirdine, methylene blue, triterpenoids, SS peptides, curcumin, Ginkgo biloba, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids w …

These mitochondrial-targeting bioenergetics and antioxidant compounds such as coenzyme Q10, idebenone, creatine, mitoQ, mitovitE, MitoTEMPOL …

135

Tissue kinetics, ion transport, and recruitment of mitochondria-rich cells in the skin of the toad (Bufo bufo) in response to exposure to distilled water.

Budtz PE, Christoffersen BC, Johansen JS, Spies I, Willumsen NJ. Budtz PE, et al. Cell Tissue Res. 1995 Apr;280(1):65-75. doi: 10.1007/BF00304512. Cell Tissue Res. 1995. PMID: 7750138

Mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) of the amphibian epidermis are responsible for active chloride uptake at low external salinity, and new MRCs are recruited in response to exposure to distilled (deionized) water. ...However, the numbers of MRCs per mm2 (DMRC) increased through …

Mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) of the amphibian epidermis are responsible for active chloride uptake at low external salinity, and new …

136

Hydrogen sulfide releasing enmein-type diterpenoid derivatives as apoptosis inducers through mitochondria-related pathways.

Xu F, Gao X, Li H, Xu S, Li X, Hu X, Li Z, Xu J, Hua H, Li D. Xu F, et al. Bioorg Chem. 2019 Feb;82:192-203. doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.002. Epub 2018 Oct 8. Bioorg Chem. 2019. PMID: 30326401

Therefore, a series of hybrids were synthesized and superior antiproliferative efficacy accompanied with enhanced selectivity was observed under extensive pharmacological evaluations. A standard methylene blue (MB(+)) method was applied to measure the capacity for t …

Therefore, a series of hybrids were synthesized and superior antiproliferative efficacy accompanied with enhanced selectivity was observed u …

137

Programmatically Controllable Activation of Sonodynamic Therapeutics with Bioorthogonal-Based Mitochondria-Specific Exogenous Agents toward Accurate Tumor Elimination.

Li W, Lei M, Tan Z, Zhang L, Fang X, Zhang T. Li W, et al. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025 Jul 2;17(26):37479-37488. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c04425. Epub 2025 Jun 17. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025. PMID: 40525768

Utilizing bioorthogonal reactions as exogenous stimuli to programmatically activate the prodrugs has been identified as a potential solution to these problems. Herein, we present a mitochondria-specific sonosensitizing system for programmatically controllable activation of …

Utilizing bioorthogonal reactions as exogenous stimuli to programmatically activate the prodrugs has been identified as a potential solution …

138

Effect of increasing methylation on the ability of methylene blue to cause diaphorase-catalysed oxidation of NADH.

Rice L, Phoenix DA, Wainwright M, Waring JJ. Rice L, et al. Biochem Soc Trans. 1998 Nov;26(4):S319. doi: 10.1042/bst026s319. Biochem Soc Trans. 1998. PMID: 10047833 No abstract available.

139

Lipofuscin in keratinocytes: Production, properties, and consequences of the photosensitization with visible light.

Tonolli PN, Martins WK, Junqueira HC, Silva MN, Severino D, Santacruz-Perez C, Watanabe I, Baptista MS. Tonolli PN, et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020 Nov 20;160:277-292. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.002. Epub 2020 Aug 15. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020. PMID: 32810634

Photosensitization of cells previously incubated with nanomolar concentrations of 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB), severely and specifically damages mitochondria and lysosomes, leading to a lipofuscin-related senescent phenotype. ...Lipofuscin-loaded cells …

Photosensitization of cells previously incubated with nanomolar concentrations of 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB), severely …

140

Transcriptomic and functional profiling reveal autophagy inhibition and persistent bioenergetic collapse following parallel photodamage to lysosomes and mitochondria.

Franco MSF, Ravagnani FG, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM, de Assis LVM, Baptista MS. Franco MSF, et al. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2026 Jan 7;275:113364. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2026.113364. Online ahead of print. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2026. PMID: 41554207

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) induces coordinated mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and results in strong cellular death induction. ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) induces coordinated mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and …

141

Multimodal quantitative imaging of brain cancer in cultured cells.

Feng X, Muzikansky A, Ross AH, Hamblin MR, Jermain PR, Yaroslavsky AN. Feng X, et al. Biomed Opt Express. 2019 Jul 29;10(8):4237-4248. doi: 10.1364/BOE.10.004237. eCollection 2019 Aug 1. Biomed Opt Express. 2019. PMID: 31453007 Free PMC article.

Fluorescence emission, polarization and subcellular localization of methylene blue (MB) were studied in four cancerous and two normal human brain cell lines. ...Preferential accumulation of MB in mitochondria of glioblastoma cells may explain higher fluoresce …

Fluorescence emission, polarization and subcellular localization of methylene blue (MB) were studied in four cancerous and two …

142

Role of Mitochondria in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury.

Lu Y, Tucker D, Dong Y, Zhao N, Zhuo X, Zhang Q. Lu Y, et al. J Neurosci Rehabil. 2015;2(1):1-14. Epub 2015 Dec 9. J Neurosci Rehabil. 2015. PMID: 27441209 Free PMC article.

Because of this, exploring effective mitochondria-based clinical strategies is crucial. Today the only efficacious clinic treatment is hypothermia. ...According to recent reports, two novel strategies have been proposed: methylene blue (MB) and melatonin. Alt …

Because of this, exploring effective mitochondria-based clinical strategies is crucial. Today the only efficacious clinic treatment i …

143

Combination of all-trans retinoic acid and interferon-gamma upregulated p27(kip1) and down regulated CDK2 to cause cell cycle arrest leading to differentiation and apoptosis in human glioblastoma LN18 (PTEN-proficient) and U87MG (PTEN-deficient) cells.

Zhang R, Banik NL, Ray SK. Zhang R, et al. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;62(3):407-16. doi: 10.1007/s00280-007-0619-0. Epub 2007 Oct 25. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008. PMID: 17960384 Free PMC article.

METHODS: LN18 and U87MG cells were treated with ATRA (1 microM) for 7 days and then IFN-gamma (5 ng/ml) for 1 day. Methylene blue staining indicated astrocytic differentiation. Wright staining and ApopTag assay showed characteristic features of apoptosis. ...

METHODS: LN18 and U87MG cells were treated with ATRA (1 microM) for 7 days and then IFN-gamma (5 ng/ml) for 1 day. Methylene blue …

144

Major determinants of photoinduced cell death: Subcellular localization versus photosensitization efficiency.

Oliveira CS, Turchiello R, Kowaltowski AJ, Indig GL, Baptista MS. Oliveira CS, et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Aug 15;51(4):824-33. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.023. Epub 2011 May 26. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011. PMID: 21664269 Free article.

We have compared the efficiency with which two cationic photosensitizers, namely methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), induce the photoinduced death of human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells. Whereas MB is well known to generate singlet oxygen and related …

We have compared the efficiency with which two cationic photosensitizers, namely methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), …

145

Vanillin as an antioxidant in rat liver mitochondria: inhibition of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by photosensitization.

Kamat JP, Ghosh A, Devasagayam TP. Kamat JP, et al. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000 Jun;209(1-2):47-53. doi: 10.1023/a:1007048313556. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000. PMID: 10942200

Using rat liver mitochondria, as model systems, we have examined the ability of the natural compound and the food-flavoring agent, vanillin to protect membranes against oxidative damage induced by photosensitization at concentrations normally used in food preparations. Van …

Using rat liver mitochondria, as model systems, we have examined the ability of the natural compound and the food-flavoring agent, va …

146

C-kit immunopositive interstitial cells (Cajal-type) in human myometrium.

Ciontea SM, Radu E, Regalia T, Ceafalan L, Cretoiu D, Gherghiceanu M, Braga RI, Malincenco M, Zagrean L, Hinescu ME, Popescu LM. Ciontea SM, et al. J Cell Mol Med. 2005 Apr-Jun;9(2):407-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00366.x. J Cell Mol Med. 2005. PMID: 15963260 Free PMC article.

Six different, complementary approaches were used: 1) methylene-blue supravital staining of tissue samples (cryosections), 2) methylene blue and Janus green B vital staining (m-CLIC and mitochondrial markers, respectively), and 3) extracellular single- …

Six different, complementary approaches were used: 1) methylene-blue supravital staining of tissue samples (cryosections), 2) …

147

Rhythmic electrical and mechanical activity in stomach of toad and frog.

Prosser CL. Prosser CL. Am J Physiol. 1995 Sep;269(3 Pt 1):G386-95. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.3.G386. Am J Physiol. 1995. PMID: 7573449

They were identified by staining with methylene blue, the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123, toluidine blue, and by electron microscopy. Interstitial cells resemble in ultrastructure those observed in mammalian intestine by small cell diameter, long processes for …

They were identified by staining with methylene blue, the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123, toluidine blue, and by electro …

148

Photodynamic therapy reduces viability, enhances itraconazole activity, and impairs mitochondrial physiology of Sporothrix brasiliensis.

Ramos MLM, Barrinha A, Araújo GRS, Alves V, Andrade IB, Corrêa-Junior D, Motta MCM, Almeida-Paes R, Frases S. Ramos MLM, et al. Microbes Infect. 2025 Mar-Apr;27(3):105440. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105440. Epub 2024 Nov 17. Microbes Infect. 2025. PMID: 39557358

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro efficacy of photodynamic therapy using a diode laser (InGaAIP) in combination with the photosensitizer methylene blue against S. brasiliensis yeasts. Additionally, we evaluated the underexplored mitochondrial activity of …

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro efficacy of photodynamic therapy using a diode laser (InGaAIP) in combination with the photosen …

149

Endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: safety assessment in mammalian cell cultures.

Xu Y, Young MJ, Battaglino RA, Morse LR, Fontana CR, Pagonis TC, Kent R, Soukos NS. Xu Y, et al. J Endod. 2009 Nov;35(11):1567-72. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.08.002. Epub 2009 Sep 20. J Endod. 2009. PMID: 19840649 Free PMC article.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro synergistic effect of methylene blue (MB) and red light on human gingival fibroblasts and osteoblasts with parameters similar to those that may be applied in a clinical setting for endodontic disinfect …

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro synergistic effect of methylene blue (MB) and red light on hu …

150

Exosomes derived from cardiac telocytes exert positive effects on endothelial cells.

Yang J, Li Y, Xue F, Liu W, Zhang S. Yang J, et al. Am J Transl Res. 2017 Dec 15;9(12):5375-5387. eCollection 2017. Am J Transl Res. 2017. PMID: 29312490 Free PMC article.

To this end, rat cardiac telocytes were cultured and stained with methylene blue, Janus Green B, and MitoTracker green, or with antibodies for established cell surface markers, and examined by microscopy. ...We confirmed that cultured telocytes exhibit normal charac …

To this end, rat cardiac telocytes were cultured and stained with methylene blue, Janus Green B, and MitoTracker green, or wit …

151

Hydrostatic pressure induces mitochondrial oxidative stress and mtDNA-mediated cGAS-STING activation in acute pancreatitis.

Chen F, Xu K, Han Y, Ding J, Ren J, Qian W, Wang Z, Wu Z, Ma Z, Cao F. Chen F, et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2026 Feb 1;243:126-142. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.11.031. Epub 2025 Nov 17. Free Radic Biol Med. 2026. PMID: 41260392 Free article.

Although previous studies have emphasized shear stress-induced pancreatic injury, the effects of static hydrostatic pressure have been underappreciated. Mitochondria act as mechanosensitive organelles, and mechanical stimuli can induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. ...Ac …

Although previous studies have emphasized shear stress-induced pancreatic injury, the effects of static hydrostatic pressure have been under …

152

Novel type of interstitial cell (Cajal-like) in human fallopian tube.

Popescu LM, Ciontea SM, Cretoiu D, Hinescu ME, Radu E, Ionescu N, Ceausu M, Gherghiceanu M, Braga RI, Vasilescu F, Zagrean L, Ardeleanu C. Popescu LM, et al. J Cell Mol Med. 2005 Apr-Jun;9(2):479-523. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00376.x. J Cell Mol Med. 2005. PMID: 15963270 Free PMC article.

We describe here--presumably for the first time--a Cajal-like type of tubal interstitial cells (t-ICC), resembling the archetypal enteric ICC. t-ICC were demonstrated in situ and in vitro on fresh preparations (tissue cryosections and primary cell cultures) using methylene …

We describe here--presumably for the first time--a Cajal-like type of tubal interstitial cells (t-ICC), resembling the archetypal enteric IC …

153

Pediatric non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: the first report on the ultrastructure of hepatocyte mitochondria.

Lotowska JM, Sobaniec-Lotowska ME, Bockowska SB, Lebensztejn DM. Lotowska JM, et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr 21;20(15):4335-40. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i15.4335. World J Gastroenterol. 2014. PMID: 24764670 Free PMC article.

AIM: To investigate the ultrastructure of abnormal hepatocyte mitochondria, including their cellular and hepatic zonal distribution, in bioptates in pediatric non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). ...The material was sectioned on a Reichert ultramicrotome to obtain semithi …

AIM: To investigate the ultrastructure of abnormal hepatocyte mitochondria, including their cellular and hepatic zonal distribution, …

154

The study of the protective effect of mitochondrial uncouplers during acute toxicity of the fungicide difenoconazole in different organs of mice.

Chernyshova EV, Potanina DV, Sadovnikova IS, Krutskikh EP, Volodina DE, Samoylova NA, Gureev AP. Chernyshova EV, et al. Biomed Khim. 2024 Feb;70(1):41-51. doi: 10.18097/PBMC20247001041. Biomed Khim. 2024. PMID: 38450680

Injections of difenoconazole caused cognitive deficits in mice, and the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and Azur I (AzI), a demethylated metabolite of methylene blue (MB), prevented the deterioration of cognitive abilities in mice induced by difenoconazole. …

Injections of difenoconazole caused cognitive deficits in mice, and the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and Azur I (AzI), a demethy …

155

Insights into the interstitium of ventricular myocardium: interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC).

Popescu LM, Gherghiceanu M, Hinescu ME, Cretoiu D, Ceafalan L, Regalia T, Popescu AC, Ardeleanu C, Mandache E. Popescu LM, et al. J Cell Mol Med. 2006 Apr-Jun;10(2):429-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00410.x. J Cell Mol Med. 2006. PMID: 16796810 Free PMC article.

Several complementary approaches were used to verify the existence of ICLC in the interstitium of rat or human ventricular myocardium: primary cell cultures, vital stainings (e.g.: methylene blue), traditional stainings (including silver impregnation), phase contras …

Several complementary approaches were used to verify the existence of ICLC in the interstitium of rat or human ventricular myocardium: prima …

156

Transient elevation of glycolysis confers radio-resistance by facilitating DNA repair in cells.

Bhatt AN, Chauhan A, Khanna S, Rai Y, Singh S, Soni R, Kalra N, Dwarakanath BS. Bhatt AN, et al. BMC Cancer. 2015 May 1;15:335. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1368-9. BMC Cancer. 2015. PMID: 25925410 Free PMC article.

METHODS: We stimulated glycolysis using mitochondrial respiratory modifiers (MRMs viz. di-nitro phenol, DNP; Photosan-3, PS3; Methylene blue, MB) in established human cell lines (HEK293, BMG-1 and OCT-1). Glucose utilization and lactate production, levels of glucose …

METHODS: We stimulated glycolysis using mitochondrial respiratory modifiers (MRMs viz. di-nitro phenol, DNP; Photosan-3, PS3; Methylene …

157

Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation Initiates Rapid Accumulation of Lipofuscin in Cultured Cells.

Huan H, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Lyamzaev KG, Chernyak BV. Huan H, et al. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2025 Dec;90(12):1999-2008. doi: 10.1134/S0006297925602606. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2025. PMID: 41453928 Free article.

The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 and redox mediator methylene blue, which prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, blocked both mitochondrial LPO and lipofuscin accumulation. ...The qu …

The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 and redox mediator methylene blue, which prevents the formation of reactive …

158

Cytokine-induced nitric oxide inhibits mitochondrial energy production and induces myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin-treated rat hearts.

Tatsumi T, Akashi K, Keira N, Matoba S, Mano A, Shiraishi J, Yamanaka S, Kobara M, Hibino N, Hosokawa S, Asayama J, Fushiki S, Fliss H, Nakagawa M, Matsubara H. Tatsumi T, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004 Sep;37(3):775-84. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.06.014. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004. PMID: 15350850

Myocardial cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) content was significantly increased after LPS injection. Methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, blunted this increase in cGMP and significantly restored the LPS-induced contractile dysfunctio …

Myocardial cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) content was significantly increased after LPS injection. Methylene blue …

159

Inhibition of the bioactivation of the neurotoxin MPTP by antioxidants, redox agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

Herraiz T, Guillén H. Herraiz T, et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Aug;49(8):1773-81. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.026. Epub 2011 Apr 29. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011. PMID: 21554916

Norharman and 5-nitroindazole were competitive inhibitors of MAO-B whereas methylene blue inhibited MPTP oxidation (IC50 of 50 nM) under a mixed type and predominantly uncompetitive mechanism. Methylene blue, 5-nitroindazole, norharman, 9-methylnorharm …

Norharman and 5-nitroindazole were competitive inhibitors of MAO-B whereas methylene blue inhibited MPTP oxidation (IC50 of 50 …

160

Interstitial cells of Cajal in pancreas.

Popescu LM, Hinescu ME, Ionescu N, Ciontea SM, Cretoiu D, Ardelean C. Popescu LM, et al. J Cell Mol Med. 2005 Jan-Mar;9(1):169-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00347.x. J Cell Mol Med. 2005. PMID: 15784175 Free PMC article.

To identify pancreatic interstitial cells of Cajal (pICC) we used routine light microscopy, non-conventional light microscopy (less than 1 mum semi-thin sections of Epon-embedded specimens cut by ultramicrotomy and stained with Toluidine blue), transmission electron micros …

To identify pancreatic interstitial cells of Cajal (pICC) we used routine light microscopy, non-conventional light microscopy (less than 1 m …

161

Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer as a novel strategy for neuroprotection.

Wen Y, Li W, Poteet EC, Xie L, Tan C, Yan LJ, Ju X, Liu R, Qian H, Marvin MA, Goldberg MS, She H, Mao Z, Simpkins JW, Yang SH. Wen Y, et al. J Biol Chem. 2011 May 6;286(18):16504-15. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.208447. Epub 2011 Mar 18. J Biol Chem. 2011. PMID: 21454572 Free PMC article.

In the current study, we demonstrated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier, which accepts electrons from NADH and transfers them to cytochrome c and bypasses complex I/III blockage. ...

In the current study, we demonstrated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier, which accepts ele …

162

Time-Dependent Progression of Demyelination and Axonal Pathology in MP4-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Prinz J, Karacivi A, Stormanns ER, Recks MS, Kuerten S. Prinz J, et al. PLoS One. 2015 Dec 11;10(12):e0144847. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144847. eCollection 2015. PLoS One. 2015. PMID: 26658811 Free PMC article.

METHODS: Twenty-two female C57BL/6 (B6) mice were immunized with MP4 and the clinical development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was observed. Methylene blue-stained semi-thin and ultra-thin sections of the lumbar spinal cord were assessed at the …

METHODS: Twenty-two female C57BL/6 (B6) mice were immunized with MP4 and the clinical development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelit …

163

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide induced both differentiation and apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells.

Das A, Banik NL, Ray SK. Das A, et al. Brain Res. 2008 Aug 28;1227:207-15. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.045. Epub 2008 Jun 21. Brain Res. 2008. PMID: 18602901 Free PMC article.

To explore the mechanisms underlying the chemotherapeutic effects of 4-HPR in glioblastoma, we used two human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cell lines. In situ methylene blue staining showed the morphological features of astrocytic differentiation in glioblastoma cell …

To explore the mechanisms underlying the chemotherapeutic effects of 4-HPR in glioblastoma, we used two human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG ce …

164

Interstitial cells of Cajal in the murine gallbladder.

Sun X, Yu B, Xu L, Dong W, Luo H. Sun X, et al. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct;41(10):1218-26. doi: 10.1080/00365520600708800. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006. PMID: 16990209

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy was used to identify the morphology and distribution of ICC in either whole-mount flat preparations or enzyme-dispersed cells from the gallbladder of CD1 mice. Methylene blue staining and transmission elect …

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy was used to identify the morphology and distribution of ICC in either whole-moun …

165

Age-associated change in mitochondrial DNA damage.

Hudson EK, Hogue BA, Souza-Pinto NC, Croteau DL, Anson RM, Bohr VA, Hansford RG. Hudson EK, et al. Free Radic Res. 1998 Dec;29(6):573-9. doi: 10.1080/10715769800300611. Free Radic Res. 1998. PMID: 10098461

We measured the sensitivity of the technique by damaging calf thymus DNA with photoactivated methylene blue for 30s up to 2h. The levels of damage were linear over the entire time course including the shorter times which showed levels comparable to those expected in …

We measured the sensitivity of the technique by damaging calf thymus DNA with photoactivated methylene blue for 30s up to 2h. …

166

Chlorophyllin as a protector of mitochondrial membranes against gamma-radiation and photosensitization.

Boloor KK, Kamat JP, Devasagayam TP. Boloor KK, et al. Toxicology. 2000 Nov 30;155(1-3):63-71. doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00278-x. Toxicology. 2000. PMID: 11154798

Chlorophyllin (CHL), the water-soluble analogue of chlorophyll, has been examined for its ability to inhibit membrane damage induced by y-radiation and photosensitization involving methylene blue plus visible light. Using rat liver mitochondria as model syste …

Chlorophyllin (CHL), the water-soluble analogue of chlorophyll, has been examined for its ability to inhibit membrane damage induced by y-ra …

167

Catalytic oxidation and reduction reactions of hydrophilic carbon clusters with NADH and cytochrome C: features of an electron transport nanozyme.

Derry PJ , Nilewski LG , Sikkema WKA , Mendoza K , Jalilov A , Berka V , McHugh EA , Tsai AL , Tour JM , Kent TA . Derry PJ , et al. Nanoscale. 2019 Jun 6;11(22):10791-10807. doi: 10.1039/c9nr00807a. Nanoscale. 2019. PMID: 31134256 Free PMC article.

Deconvolution microscopy identified PEG-HCCs in close proximity to mitochondria after brief incubation with cultured SHSY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Compared to methylene blue (MB), considered a prototypical small molecule electron transport shuttle, PEG-H …

Deconvolution microscopy identified PEG-HCCs in close proximity to mitochondria after brief incubation with cultured SHSY-5Y human ne …

168

Gene-specific and mitochondrial repair of oxidative DNA damage.

Anson RM, Mason PA, Bohr VA. Anson RM, et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;314:155-81. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-973-7:155. Methods Mol Biol. 2006. PMID: 16673881

In the mitochondrion, 8-oxoguanine is a significant oxidative lesion; in the laboratory, photoactivated methylene blue may be used to introduce this lesion into cells. Other lesions may also be studied by using different DNA damaging agents. ...This chapter gives de …

In the mitochondrion, 8-oxoguanine is a significant oxidative lesion; in the laboratory, photoactivated methylene blue may be …

169

Caspofungin kills Candida albicans by causing both cellular apoptosis and necrosis.

Hao B, Cheng S, Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Hao B, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jan;57(1):326-32. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01366-12. Epub 2012 Oct 31. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013. PMID: 23114781 Free PMC article.

Caspofungin at 0.125 and 0.5 mug/ml reduced cellular viability by >50%, as measured by colony counts and methylene blue exclusion. Apoptosis and necrosis were demonstrated by annexin V and propidium iodide staining for phosphatidylserine externalization and loss …

Caspofungin at 0.125 and 0.5 mug/ml reduced cellular viability by >50%, as measured by colony counts and methylene blue exc …

170

Early development of the adrenal glands in the grass snake Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes).

Rupik W. Rupik W. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2002;164:I-XI, 1-102. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-55977-8. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2002. PMID: 12080925 Review.

Semithin and ultrathin sections were cut on ultramicrotome ultratome IV. Semithin sections were stained with methylene blue and ultrathin sections were routinely contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, then examined and photographed with the JEM JEOL 1220 e …

Semithin and ultrathin sections were cut on ultramicrotome ultratome IV. Semithin sections were stained with methylene blue an …

171

Metabolic Shifts as the Hallmark of Most Common Diseases: The Quest for the Underlying Unity.

Schwartz L, Henry M, Alfarouk KO, Reshkin SJ, Radman M. Schwartz L, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 12;22(8):3972. doi: 10.3390/ijms22083972. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. PMID: 33921428 Free PMC article.

172

Antagonism of cyanide toxicity by isosorbide dinitrate: possible role of nitric oxide.

Sun P, Borowitz JL, Kanthasamy AG, Kane MD, Gunasekar PG, Isom GE. Sun P, et al. Toxicology. 1995 Dec 15;104(1-3):105-11. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(95)03152-6. Toxicology. 1995. PMID: 8560488

Decreasing methemoglobin to less than control levels using methylene blue failed to abolish cyanide antagonism by ISDN. Thus, methemoglobin formation by ISDN does not account for its antidotal action. ...

Decreasing methemoglobin to less than control levels using methylene blue failed to abolish cyanide antagonism by ISDN. Thus, …

173

Quenching of singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Deltag), by dipyridamole and derivatives.

Oliveira MS, Lima M, Severino D, Baptista Mda S, Di Mascio P, Tabak M. Oliveira MS, et al. Photochem Photobiol. 2007 Nov-Dec;83(6):1379-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00174.x. Photochem Photobiol. 2007. PMID: 18028212

Dipyridamole (DIP) is known for its vasodilating and antiplatelet activity, exhibiting also a potent antioxidant effect, strongly inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This effect has been studied in mitochondria and a correlation between the DIP derivatives' structure, the abili …

Dipyridamole (DIP) is known for its vasodilating and antiplatelet activity, exhibiting also a potent antioxidant effect, strongly inhibiting …

174

Mitochondrial activity is modulated by TNFalpha and IL-1beta in normal human chondrocyte cells.

López-Armada MJ, Caramés B, Martín MA, Cillero-Pastor B, Lires-Dean M, Fuentes-Boquete I, Arenas J, Blanco FJ. López-Armada MJ, et al. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Oct;14(10):1011-22. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.03.008. Epub 2006 May 5. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006. PMID: 16679036 Free article.

Glycosaminoglycans were quantified in supernatant by a dimethyl-methylene blue binding assay. RESULTS: Compared to basal cells, stimulation with TNFalpha (10 ng/ml) and IL-1beta (5 ng/ml) for 48 h significantly decreased the activity of complex I (TNFalpha=35% and I …

Glycosaminoglycans were quantified in supernatant by a dimethyl-methylene blue binding assay. RESULTS: Compared to basal cells …

175

Novel Vitamin K analogs suppress seizures in zebrafish and mouse models of epilepsy.

Rahn JJ, Bestman JE, Josey BJ, Inks ES, Stackley KD, Rogers CE, Chou CJ, Chan SS. Rahn JJ, et al. Neuroscience. 2014 Feb 14;259:142-54. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.040. Epub 2013 Dec 1. Neuroscience. 2014. PMID: 24291671 Free PMC article.

176

NADH-dependent cytochrome b5 reductase and NADPH methemoglobin reductase activity in the erythrocytes of Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Saleh MC, McConkey S. Saleh MC, et al. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2012 Dec;38(6):1807-1813. doi: 10.1007/s10695-012-9677-2. Epub 2012 Jun 26. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2012. PMID: 22733093

Methemoglobin reduction in controls was compared to reduction in samples with added NADH, NADPH, or NADPH and methylene blue. Rainbow trout whole blood was also fractionated into cytosol, microsomal, and mitochondria/plasma membranes/nuclei fractions. ...Rain …

Methemoglobin reduction in controls was compared to reduction in samples with added NADH, NADPH, or NADPH and methylene blue. …

177

Denitrification of the genotoxicant 2-nitropropane: relationship to its mechanism of toxicity.

Kohl C, Gescher A. Kohl C, et al. Xenobiotica. 1997 Aug;27(8):843-52. doi: 10.1080/004982597240208. Xenobiotica. 1997. PMID: 9293620

The stabilities of the industrial chemical and constituent of cigarette smoke 2-nitropropane (2-NP) and its aci tautomer propane 2-nitronate (P2N) towards hepatic enzymes and proteins such as serum proteins and oxyhaemoglobin were investigated in vitro in biological (hepatocytes …

The stabilities of the industrial chemical and constituent of cigarette smoke 2-nitropropane (2-NP) and its aci tautomer propane 2-nitronate …

178

[Method for the finding and morphometry of cardiomyocyte mitochondria in semithin sections].

Gevondian TA, Avtandilov GG. Gevondian TA, et al. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1982 May;93(5):111-3. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1982. PMID: 6178450 Russian.

To expose cardiomyocyte mitochondria under light microscope, a modified method for staining with methylene blue and sodium tetraboron of semi-thin sections of the myocardium is offered. ...The method offered allows one to readily expose cardiomyocyte mitoc …

To expose cardiomyocyte mitochondria under light microscope, a modified method for staining with methylene blue and sod …

179

Mitochondrial vulnerability and increased susceptibility to nutrient-induced cytotoxicity in fibroblasts from leigh syndrome French canadian patients.

Burelle Y, Bemeur C, Rivard ME, Thompson Legault J, Boucher G; LSFC Consortium; Morin C, Coderre L, Des Rosiers C. Burelle Y, et al. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 2;10(3):e0120767. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120767. eCollection 2015. PLoS One. 2015. PMID: 25835550 Free PMC article.

Furthermore, we demonstrate that compounds that are known to promote flux through the electron transport chain independent of phosphorylation (methylene blue, dinitrophenol), or modulate fatty acid (L-carnitine) or Krebs cycle metabolism (propionate) are protective, …

Furthermore, we demonstrate that compounds that are known to promote flux through the electron transport chain independent of phosphorylatio …

180

Inhibition of tau aggregation in a novel Caenorhabditis elegans model of tauopathy mitigates proteotoxicity.

Fatouros C, Pir GJ, Biernat J, Koushika SP, Mandelkow E, Mandelkow EM, Schmidt E, Baumeister R. Fatouros C, et al. Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Aug 15;21(16):3587-603. doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds190. Epub 2012 May 18. Hum Mol Genet. 2012. PMID: 22611162

In addition, we observed that the axonal transport of mitochondria was perturbed in these animals. Control animals expressing the anti-aggregant combination had rather mild phenotype. ...

In addition, we observed that the axonal transport of mitochondria was perturbed in these animals. Control animals expressing the ant …

181

Interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC) in human resting mammary gland stroma. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) identification.

Gherghiceanu M, Popescu LM. Gherghiceanu M, et al. J Cell Mol Med. 2005 Oct-Dec;9(4):893-910. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00387.x. J Cell Mol Med. 2005. PMID: 16364198 Free PMC article.

We have previously shown the existence of ICLC in human resting mammary gland stroma by means of methylene blue (vital) staining and c-kit immunopositivity (immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry). ...According to the 'platinum standard' (10 TEM criteria for th …

We have previously shown the existence of ICLC in human resting mammary gland stroma by means of methylene blue (vital) staini …

182

Development of pacemaker activity and interstitial cells of Cajal in the neonatal mouse small intestine.

Liu LW, Thuneberg L, Huizinga JD. Liu LW, et al. Dev Dyn. 1998 Nov;213(3):271-82. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199811)213:3<271::AID-AJA4>3.0.CO;2-R. Dev Dyn. 1998. PMID: 9825863 Free article.

In 2-hr-old neonates, ICCs could be identified through selective uptake of methylene blue, but ultrastructural features were not fully developed. At 48 hr, a complete ICC network covering Auerbach's plexus was formed, confirmed by electron microscopy. ...

In 2-hr-old neonates, ICCs could be identified through selective uptake of methylene blue, but ultrastructural features were n …

183

Photoreceptor cells are major contributors to diabetes-induced oxidative stress and local inflammation in the retina.

Du Y, Veenstra A, Palczewski K, Kern TS. Du Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 8;110(41):16586-91. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314575110. Epub 2013 Sep 25. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013. PMID: 24067647 Free PMC article.

Photoreceptors were the major source of reactive oxygen species in the retina, and their deletion (either genetically in opsin(-/-) mice or acutely with iodoacetic acid) inhibited the expected diabetes-induced increase in superoxide and inflammatory proteins in the remaining reti …

Photoreceptors were the major source of reactive oxygen species in the retina, and their deletion (either genetically in opsin(-/-) mice or …

184

Screening of a composite library of clinically used drugs and well-characterized pharmacological compounds for cystathionine β-synthase inhibition identifies benserazide as a drug potentially suitable for repurposing for the experimental therapy of colon cancer.

Druzhyna N, Szczesny B, Olah G, Módis K, Asimakopoulou A, Pavlidou A, Szoleczky P, Gerö D, Yanagi K, Törö G, López-García I, Myrianthopoulos V, Mikros E, Zatarain JR, Chao C, Papapetropoulos A, Hellmich MR, Szabo C. Druzhyna N, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Nov;113(Pt A):18-37. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.016. Epub 2016 Aug 10. Pharmacol Res. 2016. PMID: 27521834 Free PMC article.

Initial hits were subjected to counterscreens using the methylene blue assay (a secondary assay to measure H(2)S production) and were assessed for their ability to quench the H(2)S signal produced by the H(2)S donor compound GYY4137. ...

Initial hits were subjected to counterscreens using the methylene blue assay (a secondary assay to measure H(2)S production) a …

185

p53-Dependent and p53-Independent Responses of Cells Challenged by Photosensitization.

Abrantes ABP, Dias GC, Souza-Pinto NC, Baptista MS. Abrantes ABP, et al. Photochem Photobiol. 2019 Jan;95(1):355-363. doi: 10.1111/php.13019. Epub 2018 Oct 17. Photochem Photobiol. 2019. PMID: 30240018

Little is known about the role of p53 in autophagy-associated cell death, which can be induced by photoactivation of photosensitizers within cells. The photosensitizer 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) within nanomolar concentration regimes has specific intracellul …

Little is known about the role of p53 in autophagy-associated cell death, which can be induced by photoactivation of photosensitizers within …

186

Gluconeogenesis in the kidney cortex. Effects of D-malate and amino-oxyacetate.

Rognstad R, Katz J. Rognstad R, et al. Biochem J. 1970 Feb;116(3):483-91. doi: 10.1042/bj1160483. Biochem J. 1970. PMID: 5435692 Free PMC article.

Low concentrations (10mum) of artificial electron acceptors such as Methylene Blue and phenazine methosulphate abolished most of the inhibition of gluconeogenesis from l-lactate by amino-oxyacetate. This is interpreted as an activation of net malate outflow from the …

Low concentrations (10mum) of artificial electron acceptors such as Methylene Blue and phenazine methosulphate abolished most …

187

Physiological role of soluble fumarate reductase in redox balancing during anaerobiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Enomoto K, Arikawa Y, Muratsubaki H. Enomoto K, et al. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002 Sep 24;215(1):103-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11377.x. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002. PMID: 12393208

In the present study, we found that the anaerobic growth of the strain disrupted for both the FRDS and OSM1 genes was fully restored by adding the oxidized form of methylene blue or phenazine methosulfate, which non-enzymatically oxidize cellular NADH to NAD(+). Whe …

In the present study, we found that the anaerobic growth of the strain disrupted for both the FRDS and OSM1 genes was fully restored by addi …

188

Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) as an effective antioxidant against oxidative damage in rat brain mitochondria.

Kamat JP, Devasagayam TP. Kamat JP, et al. Redox Rep. 1999;4(4):179-84. doi: 10.1179/135100099101534882. Redox Rep. 1999. PMID: 10658823 Free article.

Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) an endogenous metabolite, showed significant inhibition of oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by ascorbate-Fe2+ and photosensitization systems in rat brain mitochondria. It protected against both protein oxidation …

Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) an endogenous metabolite, showed significant inhibition of oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (RO …

189

Mammalian metabolism of glutaric acid.

Besrat A, Polan CE, Henderson LM. Besrat A, et al. J Biol Chem. 1969 Mar 25;244(6):1461-7. J Biol Chem. 1969. PMID: 4304226 Free article. No abstract available.

190

Enzymatic changes in mitochondria-rich cells of Xenopus laevis skin epithelium are induced by ionic acclimation.

Donna D, Dore B, Rozman A, Gabbay S, Pattono P, Katz U. Donna D, et al. Acta Histochem. 2004;106(4):257-67. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2004.02.006. Acta Histochem. 2004. PMID: 15350808

Morphological, biochemical and histochemical components of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells of skin epithelium of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) were investigated after acclimation in distilled water (DW) and mild solutions (50 mmol/l) of either NaCl or KCl for over 10 days. ...Elect …

Morphological, biochemical and histochemical components of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells of skin epithelium of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) …

191

Intracellular changes due to neutral red as revealed in the pancreas and kidney of the mouse by the electron microscope.

WEISS JM. WEISS JM. J Exp Med. 1955 Feb 1;101(2):213-24. doi: 10.1084/jem.101.2.213. J Exp Med. 1955. PMID: 13233447 Free PMC article.

The effects of sublethal amounts of the cationic dye, neutral red, upon the structure of pancreatic exocrine cells, and upon the mitochondria of renal distal tubule cells, have been studied with the electron microscope. ...No consistent changes were found in the cell membr …

The effects of sublethal amounts of the cationic dye, neutral red, upon the structure of pancreatic exocrine cells, and upon the mitochon …

192

[The role of biological sciences in understanding the genesis and a new therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease].

Tęgowska E, Wosińska A. Tęgowska E, et al. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2011 Feb 17;65:73-92. doi: 10.5604/17322693.933430. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2011. PMID: 21357996 Free article. Review. Polish.

It has been established that although mitochondria constantly generate free radicals, from which they are protected by their own defensive systems, in some situations these systems become deregulated, which leads to free radical-based mitochondrial defects. ...It is such a …

It has been established that although mitochondria constantly generate free radicals, from which they are protected by their own defe …

193

Oxidative decarboxylation reactions in Dirofilaria immitis glucose metabolism.

Turner AC, Hutchison WF. Turner AC, et al. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1982;73(2):331-4. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90292-9. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1982. PMID: 7172629

Data published earlier together with those presented here confirm the presence of all the enzymes of the pentose shunt. 3. 14C from uniformly labelled glucose was incorporated into the nucleic acids, and methylene blue increased production of xylose-5-phosphate and …

Data published earlier together with those presented here confirm the presence of all the enzymes of the pentose shunt. 3. 14C from uniforml …

194

Ca2+, NAD(P)H and membrane potential changes in pancreatic beta-cells by methyl succinate: comparison with glucose.

Heart E, Yaney GC, Corkey RF, Schultz V, Luc E, Liu L, Deeney JT, Shirihai O, Tornheim K, Smith PJ, Corkey BE. Heart E, et al. Biochem J. 2007 Apr 1;403(1):197-205. doi: 10.1042/BJ20061209. Biochem J. 2007. PMID: 17181533 Free PMC article.

Reversal of MeS-induced cell depolarization by Methylene Blue completely inhibited MeS-stimulated secretion, whereas basal secretion and KCl-induced changes in these parameters were not affected. ...

Reversal of MeS-induced cell depolarization by Methylene Blue completely inhibited MeS-stimulated secretion, whereas basal sec …

195

A mammary gland whole mount technique that preserves cell fine structure for electron miscroscopy.

Strum JM. Strum JM. J Histochem Cytochem. 1979 Sep;27(9):1271-4. doi: 10.1177/27.9.479569. J Histochem Cytochem. 1979. PMID: 479569

The glands are placed on glass microscope slides, fixed in a paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture, defatted in acetone, stained with 0.5% methylene blue (or trypan blue) in saline, and dehydrated in ethanol. They are evaluated and photographed in 100% etha …

The glands are placed on glass microscope slides, fixed in a paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture, defatted in acetone, stained with 0.5% …

196

The localization of glutathione peroxidase in the photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelial cells of Wistar and Royal College of Surgeons dystrophic rats.

Akeo K, Tsukamoto H, Okisaka S, Hiramitsu T, Watanabe K. Akeo K, et al. Pigment Cell Res. 1999 Apr;12(2):107-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1999.tb00750.x. Pigment Cell Res. 1999. PMID: 10231198

INTRODUCTION: If degenerating photoreceptor outer segments not phagocytized by RPE cells in the retina of Royal College Surgeons (RCS) rats were to undergo peroxidation, the distribution of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PO) in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of the retina migh …

INTRODUCTION: If degenerating photoreceptor outer segments not phagocytized by RPE cells in the retina of Royal College Surgeons (RCS) rats …

197

Histopathological and ultrastructural changes experimentally induced by bee venom in seminiferous epithelium via structural-functional alteration of Sertoli cells.

Florea A, Puică C, Hamed S, Tilinca M, Matei H. Florea A, et al. Micron. 2017 Nov;102:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.07.012. Epub 2017 Aug 16. Micron. 2017. PMID: 28830057

The histopathological changes were assessed with brightfield microscopy using a novel staining technique, based on methylene blue, orange G and ponceau xylidine. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to identify fine subcellular changes. ...Many LCs were ne …

The histopathological changes were assessed with brightfield microscopy using a novel staining technique, based on methylene blue …

198

Mitochondrial origin of extracelullar transferred electrons in yeast-based biofuel cells.

Hubenova Y, Mitov M. Hubenova Y, et al. Bioelectrochemistry. 2015 Dec;106(Pt A):232-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.06.005. Epub 2014 Jun 25. Bioelectrochemistry. 2015. PMID: 24997719

It was established that the presence of both inhibitors leads to almost complete mitochondrial dysfunction, expressed by inactivation of cytochrome c oxidase and NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase as well as reduced electrochemical activity of isolated yeast mitochondria. It w …

It was established that the presence of both inhibitors leads to almost complete mitochondrial dysfunction, expressed by inactivation of cyt …

199

INCLUSION BODIES IN EXPERIMENTAL HERPETIC INFECTION OF RABBITS.

Cowdry EV, Nicholson FM. Cowdry EV, et al. J Exp Med. 1923 Nov 30;38(6):695-706. doi: 10.1084/jem.38.6.695. J Exp Med. 1923. PMID: 19868820 Free PMC article.

Concerning the exact nature of the granules so fully reported by others before us, we hesitate to commit ourselves other than to indicate certain points of resemblance to nuclear debris, red blood cells in the process of phagocytosis, mitochondria, pigment, the "methyle …

Concerning the exact nature of the granules so fully reported by others before us, we hesitate to commit ourselves other than to indicate ce …

200

Depolarization of isolated brain nerve endings by nitric oxide donors: membrane mechanisms.

Mongin AA, Nedvetsky PI, Fedorovich SV. Mongin AA, et al. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998 Jun;63(6):662-70. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998. PMID: 9668206

More potent NO donors, CysNO and HA, led to significant depolarization of the plasma membrane at 10-100 microM concentrations and also induced depolarization of mitochondria at concentrations above 1 mM. At 10 microM-10 mM concentrations, NO donors inhibited potassium chan …

More potent NO donors, CysNO and HA, led to significant depolarization of the plasma membrane at 10-100 microM concentrations and also induc …

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