Identification of a chloride ion binding site in Na+/Cl -dependent transporters

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 31;104(31):12761-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705600104. Epub 2007 Jul 24.

Abstract

The recent determination of the crystal structure of the leucine transporter from Aquifex aeolicus (aaLeuT) has provided significant insights into the function of neurotransmitter:sodium symporters. Transport by aaLeuT is Cl(-) independent, whereas many neurotransmitter:sodium symporters from higher organisms depend on Cl(-) ions. However, the only Cl(-) ion identified in the aaLeuT structure interacts with nonconserved residues in extracellular loops, and thus the relevance of this binding site is unclear. Here, we use calculations of pK(A)s and homology modeling to predict the location of a functionally important Cl(-) binding site in serotonin transporter and other Cl(-)-dependent transporters. We validate our model through the site-directed mutagenesis of residues predicted to coordinate the Cl(-) ion and through the observation of sequence conservation patterns in other Cl(-)-dependent transporters. The proposed site is located midway across the membrane and is formed by residues from transmembrane helices 2, 6, and 7. It is close to the Na1 sodium binding site, thus providing an explanation for the coupling of Cl(-) and Na(+) ions during transport. Other implications of the model are also discussed.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic / chemistry
  • Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic / genetics
  • Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic / metabolism
  • Bacterial Proteins / chemistry
  • Bacterial Proteins / genetics
  • Bacterial Proteins / metabolism
  • Binding Sites
  • Chlorides / chemistry*
  • Chlorides / metabolism*
  • Humans
  • Ions / chemistry
  • Membrane Transport Proteins / chemistry*
  • Membrane Transport Proteins / metabolism*
  • Models, Molecular
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Mutation / genetics
  • Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins / chemistry
  • Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins / metabolism
  • Protein Structure, Tertiary
  • Protons

Substances

  • Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic
  • Bacterial Proteins
  • Chlorides
  • Ions
  • Membrane Transport Proteins
  • Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins
  • Protons
  • cif nucleoside transporter