Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation

Search Page

Filters

My Custom Filters

Edit custom filters

Results by year

Table representation of search results timeline featuring number of search results per year.

Year Number of Results
1941 1
1945 2
1946 1
1947 7
1948 19
1949 20
1950 44
1951 59
1952 53
1953 59
1954 60
1955 66
1956 65
1957 73
1958 71
1959 65
1960 86
1961 80
1962 75
1963 71
1964 146
1965 167
1966 243
1967 399
1968 534
1969 654
1970 712
1971 907
1972 997
1973 960
1974 1008
1975 1041
1976 804
1977 848
1978 859
1979 855
1980 934
1981 878
1982 1008
1983 998
1984 1256
1985 1482
1986 1574
1987 1492
1988 1580
1989 1679
1990 1817
1991 1892
1992 2068
1993 2134
1994 2235
1995 2307
1996 2311
1997 2126
1998 2278
1999 2224
2000 2420
2001 2452
2002 2513
2003 2800
2004 2827
2005 2918
2006 3037
2007 3011
2008 3473
2009 3725
2010 4050
2011 4168
2012 4423
2013 4584
2014 4982
2015 5101
2016 5548
2017 6160
2018 6784
2019 7402
2020 8637
2021 9121
2022 7676
2023 7608
2024 9510
2025 11036
2026 5699

Publication date

Text availability

Article attribute

Article type

Additional filters

Article Language

Species

Sex

Age

Other

Search Results

172,046 results

Results by year

Filters applied: . Clear all
Page 1
Super-Resolution Imaging of the Extracellular Space in Living Brain Tissue.
Tønnesen J, Inavalli VVGK, Nägerl UV. Tønnesen J, et al. Cell. 2018 Feb 22;172(5):1108-1121.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.007. Cell. 2018. PMID: 29474910 Free article.
The extracellular space (ECS) of the brain has an extremely complex spatial organization, which has defied conventional light microscopy. ...We combined 3D-STED microscopy and fluorescent labeling of the extracellular fluid to develop super-resolution shadow …
The extracellular space (ECS) of the brain has an extremely complex spatial organization, which has defied conventional light …
Local diffusion in the extracellular space of the brain.
Tønnesen J, Hrabĕtová S, Soria FN. Tønnesen J, et al. Neurobiol Dis. 2023 Feb;177:105981. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105981. Epub 2022 Dec 26. Neurobiol Dis. 2023. PMID: 36581229 Free article. Review.
The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a vast interstitial reticulum of extreme morphological complexity, composed of narrow gaps separated by local expansions, enabling interconnected highways between neural cells. ...Diffusion is defined primarily by the local ECS …
The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a vast interstitial reticulum of extreme morphological complexity, composed of narrow g …
The brain extracellular space in chronic kidney disease.
Buonincontri V, Viggiano D, Gigliotti G; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Buonincontri V, et al. Behav Brain Res. 2025 Jan 5;476:115271. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115271. Epub 2024 Sep 22. Behav Brain Res. 2025. PMID: 39317262 Review.
The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a highly complex structure between the innumerable and intermingled processes of brain cells (neurons and glial cells). ...Because water and electrolyte homeostasis are tightly regulated by the kidney, it is possible that a red …
The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a highly complex structure between the innumerable and intermingled processes of brain …
Brain Extracellular Space: The Final Frontier of Neuroscience.
Nicholson C, Hrabětová S. Nicholson C, et al. Biophys J. 2017 Nov 21;113(10):2133-2142. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.052. Epub 2017 Jul 26. Biophys J. 2017. PMID: 28755756 Free PMC article. Review.
Brain extracellular space is the narrow microenvironment that surrounds every cell of the central nervous system. ...Attempts to reveal the size and structure of the extracellular space using electron microscopy have had limited success; however, a bio …
Brain extracellular space is the narrow microenvironment that surrounds every cell of the central nervous system. ...Attempts …
Alarmins of the extracellular space.
Dziki JL, Hussey G, Badylak SF. Dziki JL, et al. Semin Immunol. 2018 Aug;38:33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.08.004. Epub 2018 Aug 28. Semin Immunol. 2018. PMID: 30170910 Review.
Specifically, many alarmins can function paradoxically depending upon their localization, intra or extracellular. The present review focuses upon alarmin presence and differential expression in the extracellular space versus within the cell and how variation …
Specifically, many alarmins can function paradoxically depending upon their localization, intra or extracellular. The present review …
Cathepsins in the extracellular space: Focusing on non-lysosomal proteolytic functions with clinical implications.
Wang H, Inoue A, Lei Y, Wu H, Hong L, Cheng XW. Wang H, et al. Cell Signal. 2023 Mar;103:110531. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110531. Epub 2022 Nov 20. Cell Signal. 2023. PMID: 36417977 Review.
Cathepsins can be found in the extracellular space, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It was initially suspected that the primary physiological function of the cathepsins was to break down intracellular protein, and that they also had a role in pathological processes includin …
Cathepsins can be found in the extracellular space, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It was initially suspected that the primary physio …
New routes to the neuroendocrine hypothalamus: the extracellular space.
Nicolas JC, Huwart SJP, Ziemens D, Freire-Agulleiro O, Lee T, Mattot V, Quarta C. Nicolas JC, et al. Eur J Endocrinol. 2025 Sep 30;193(4):R31-R42. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvaf197. Eur J Endocrinol. 2025. PMID: 40973640 Review.
While the mechanisms by which hormones traverse the blood-brain barrier to access the hypothalamic parenchyma are well characterized, how these signals subsequently diffuse and distribute within the brain's extracellular space and matrix remains poorly understood. E …
While the mechanisms by which hormones traverse the blood-brain barrier to access the hypothalamic parenchyma are well characterized, how th …
Unveiling the Extracellular Space of the Brain: From Super-resolved Microstructure to In Vivo Function.
Hrabetova S, Cognet L, Rusakov DA, Nägerl UV. Hrabetova S, et al. J Neurosci. 2018 Oct 31;38(44):9355-9363. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1664-18.2018. J Neurosci. 2018. PMID: 30381427 Free PMC article. Review.
The extracellular space occupies approximately one-fifth of brain volume, molding a spider web of gaps filled with interstitial fluid and extracellular matrix where neurons and glial cells perform in concert. Yet, very little is known about the spatial organi …
The extracellular space occupies approximately one-fifth of brain volume, molding a spider web of gaps filled with interstitia …
Diffusion in brain extracellular space.
Syková E, Nicholson C. Syková E, et al. Physiol Rev. 2008 Oct;88(4):1277-340. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2007. Physiol Rev. 2008. PMID: 18923183 Free PMC article. Review.
Diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is constrained by the volume fraction and the tortuosity and a modified diffusion equation represents the transport behavior of many molecules in the brain. ...Theoretical models and simulations of the ECS have …
Diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is constrained by the volume fraction and the tortuosity and a modifie …
Molecular mechanisms of K(+) clearance and extracellular space shrinkage-Glia cells as the stars.
MacAulay N. MacAulay N. Glia. 2020 Nov;68(11):2192-2211. doi: 10.1002/glia.23824. Epub 2020 Mar 17. Glia. 2020. PMID: 32181522 Review.
Neuronal signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) associates with release of K(+) into the extracellular space resulting in transient increases in [K(+) ](o) . This elevated K(+) is swiftly removed, in part, via uptake by neighboring glia cells. ...This review …
Neuronal signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) associates with release of K(+) into the extracellular space resulting …
172,046 results
You have reached the last available page of results. Please see the User Guide for more information.