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Table representation of search results timeline featuring number of search results per year.

Year Number of Results
1946 4
1948 2
1949 2
1950 6
1951 4
1952 1
1953 8
1954 6
1955 16
1956 15
1957 17
1958 17
1959 16
1960 21
1961 27
1962 96
1963 158
1964 195
1965 242
1966 294
1967 357
1968 546
1969 474
1970 513
1971 678
1972 770
1973 849
1974 895
1975 826
1976 775
1977 664
1978 629
1979 706
1980 565
1981 611
1982 678
1983 604
1984 602
1985 666
1986 684
1987 535
1988 608
1989 587
1990 661
1991 631
1992 594
1993 650
1994 652
1995 628
1996 602
1997 725
1998 699
1999 746
2000 708
2001 721
2002 757
2003 813
2004 943
2005 1084
2006 1203
2007 1347
2008 1413
2009 1369
2010 1260
2011 1394
2012 1512
2013 1465
2014 1402
2015 1492
2016 1449
2017 1456
2018 1431
2019 1378
2020 1259
2021 1036
2022 762
2023 831
2024 1008
2025 1197
2026 524

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49,069 results

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Page 1
BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PAVLOVIAN AND INSTRUMENTAL EXTINCTION LEARNING.
Bouton ME, Maren S, McNally GP. Bouton ME, et al. Physiol Rev. 2021 Apr 1;101(2):611-681. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2020. Epub 2020 Sep 24. Physiol Rev. 2021. PMID: 32970967 Free PMC article. Review.
This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning decreases in strength when the outcome that reinforced it is removed. Behavioral res …
This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian …
Systematic Review: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Instrumental Learning.
Hulsbosch AK, De Meyer H, Beckers T, Danckaerts M, Van Liefferinge D, Tripp G, Van der Oord S; Profs. Tripp and Van der Oord share co-last authorship of this work.. Hulsbosch AK, et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Nov;60(11):1367-1381. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.009. Epub 2021 Apr 13. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. PMID: 33862167 Free article.
OBJECTIVE: Although instrumental learning deficits are, among other deficits, assumed to contribute to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), no comprehensive systematic review of instrumental learning deficits in ADHD exists. This review exa …
OBJECTIVE: Although instrumental learning deficits are, among other deficits, assumed to contribute to attention-deficit/hyper …
Extinction of instrumental (operant) learning: interference, varieties of context, and mechanisms of contextual control.
Bouton ME. Bouton ME. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019 Jan;236(1):7-19. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-5076-4. Epub 2018 Oct 22. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019. PMID: 30350221 Free PMC article. Review.
This article reviews recent research on the extinction of instrumental (or operant) conditioning from the perspective that it is an example of a general retroactive interference process. Previous discussions of interference have focused primarily on findings …
This article reviews recent research on the extinction of instrumental (or operant) conditioning from the perspective t …
Neuronal encoding of behaviors and instrumental learning in the dorsal striatum.
Varin C, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A. Varin C, et al. Trends Neurosci. 2025 Jan;48(1):77-91. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.11.003. Epub 2024 Dec 3. Trends Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 39632222 Review.
The dorsal striatum is instrumental in regulating motor control and goal-directed behaviors. The classical description of the two output pathways of the dorsal striatum highlights their antagonistic control over actions. ...We also discuss how the activation of striatal en …
The dorsal striatum is instrumental in regulating motor control and goal-directed behaviors. The classical description of the two out …
Spontaneous instrumental avoidance learning in social contexts.
Mennella R, Bavard S, Mentec I, Grèzes J. Mennella R, et al. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 20;12(1):17528. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22334-6. Sci Rep. 2022. PMID: 36266316 Free PMC article.
Most participants showed clear behavioral signs of instrumental learning, even in the absence of an explicit avoidance strategy. Inter-individual variability in learning depended on participants' subjective evaluations and sensitivity to threat approach feedb …
Most participants showed clear behavioral signs of instrumental learning, even in the absence of an explicit avoidance strateg …
Evaluating instrumental learning and striatal-cortical functional connectivity in adolescent alcohol and cannabis use.
Hubbard NA, Miller KB, Aloi J, Bajaj S, Wakabayashi KT, Blair RJR. Hubbard NA, et al. Addict Biol. 2023 Jan;28(1):e13258. doi: 10.1111/adb.13258. Addict Biol. 2023. PMID: 36577718 Free PMC article.
Adolescence is a vulnerable time for the acquisition of substance use disorders, potentially relating to ongoing development of neural circuits supporting instrumental learning. Striatal-cortical circuits undergo dynamic changes during instrumental learnin …
Adolescence is a vulnerable time for the acquisition of substance use disorders, potentially relating to ongoing development of neural circu …
Instrumental learning and behavioral persistence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder: does reinforcement frequency matter?
Hulsbosch AK, Beckers T, De Meyer H, Danckaerts M, Van Liefferinge D, Tripp G, Van der Oord S. Hulsbosch AK, et al. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023 Nov;64(11):1631-1640. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13805. Epub 2023 Apr 11. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023. PMID: 37040877
Few studies have evaluated instrumental learning in ADHD and the results are inconsistent. The current study investigates instrumental learning under partial and continuous reinforcement schedules and subsequent behavioral persistence when reinforcemen …
Few studies have evaluated instrumental learning in ADHD and the results are inconsistent. The current study investigates i …
Neurofunctional representations of instrumental learning in psychosis: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.
Song Y, Zeng J, Cao H, Cheng B, Yang X. Song Y, et al. Psychol Med. 2025 Aug 8;55:e229. doi: 10.1017/S0033291725101323. Psychol Med. 2025. PMID: 40776407 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Establishing appropriate action-outcome associations can allow animals and humans to control behavior and the environment in a goal-directed manner. Deficits in instrumental learning in psychosis have been widely reported in past studies, but the results …
BACKGROUND: Establishing appropriate action-outcome associations can allow animals and humans to control behavior and the environment in a g …
Visual instrumental learning in blindsight monkeys.
Kato R, Zeghbib A, Redgrave P, Isa T. Kato R, et al. Sci Rep. 2021 Jul 20;11(1):14819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94192-7. Sci Rep. 2021. PMID: 34285293 Free PMC article.
Various visual functions are retained, however, instrumental visual associative learning remains to be investigated. Here we examined the secondary reinforcing properties of visual cues presented to the hemianopic field of macaque monkeys with unilateral V1 lesions. …
Various visual functions are retained, however, instrumental visual associative learning remains to be investigated. Here we e …
Editorial: Instrumental Learning in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Rewarding Review Incentivizing Future Research.
Raiker JS. Raiker JS. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Nov;60(11):1342-1344. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.002. Epub 2021 May 13. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. PMID: 33992749
The mechanisms underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to elude researchers, hindering efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.(1) Notably, mechanisms such as operant conditioning, or instrumental learning …
The mechanisms underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to elude researchers, hindering efforts to improve diagno …
49,069 results
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