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Limonene Hydroperoxides.
de Groot A. de Groot A. Dermatitis. 2019 Nov/Dec;30(6):331-335. doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000465. Dermatitis. 2019. PMID: 31433385 Review.
Limonene is a fragrance widely used in cosmetics and household products. Until recently, contact allergy to limonene was considered rare because positive patch tests to it were infrequently observed. ...By routine testing of patients suspected of contact dermatitis …
Limonene is a fragrance widely used in cosmetics and household products. Until recently, contact allergy to limonene was consi …
D-limonene: A multifunctional compound with potent therapeutic effects.
Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Vanitha MK. Anandakumar P, et al. J Food Biochem. 2021 Jan;45(1):e13566. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13566. Epub 2020 Dec 1. J Food Biochem. 2021. PMID: 33289132 Review.
D-limonene or 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene (C(10) H(16) ) is a monocyclic monoterpene abundant in citrus plants like lemon, orange, and grape. ...This review is intended to analyze and delineate every possible available evidence and details about D-limonene wit …
D-limonene or 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene (C(10) H(16) ) is a monocyclic monoterpene abundant in citrus plants like lemon, oran …
Limonene.
Von Burg R. Von Burg R. J Appl Toxicol. 1995 Nov-Dec;15(6):495-9. doi: 10.1002/jat.2550150611. J Appl Toxicol. 1995. PMID: 8603937 Review. No abstract available.
Limonene and Perillyl Alcohol Derivatives: Synthesis and Anticancer Activity.
da Silva CEH, Gosmann G, de Andrade SF. da Silva CEH, et al. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2021;21(14):1813-1829. doi: 10.2174/1389557521666210212150504. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2021. PMID: 33583370 Review.
Limonene and perillyl alcohol are natural monoterpenes that have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists due to their promising anticancer activities. ...Among the active compounds, a series of limonenes with thiosemicarbazone groups and perillyl alcohol hybri …
Limonene and perillyl alcohol are natural monoterpenes that have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists due to their promising …
Use of Limonene Epoxides and Derivatives as Promising Monomers for Biobased Polymers.
Louisy E, Khodyrieva V, Olivero S, Michelet V, Mija A. Louisy E, et al. Chempluschem. 2022 Aug;87(8):e202200190. doi: 10.1002/cplu.202200190. Chempluschem. 2022. PMID: 35957544 Review.
(R)-Limonene, a renewable terpene, and its epoxidized derivatives, i. e. limonene epoxides, have prompted growing attention over the last decade as building blocks for the synthesis of biobased monomers and polymers. ...The polymerization techniques described are na …
(R)-Limonene, a renewable terpene, and its epoxidized derivatives, i. e. limonene epoxides, have prompted growing attention ov …
Limonene: Aroma of innovation in health and disease.
Vieira AJ, Beserra FP, Souza MC, Totti BM, Rozza AL. Vieira AJ, et al. Chem Biol Interact. 2018 Mar 1;283:97-106. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.007. Epub 2018 Feb 7. Chem Biol Interact. 2018. PMID: 29427589 Review.
The therapeutic effects of limonene have been extensively studied, proving anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperalgesic, antiviral, and gastroprotective effects, among other beneficial effects in health. In this review, we col …
The therapeutic effects of limonene have been extensively studied, proving anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticance …
d-limonene.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1999;73:307-27. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1999. PMID: 10804960 Free PMC article. Review. No abstract available.
Microbial production of limonene and its derivatives: Achievements and perspectives.
Ren Y, Liu S, Jin G, Yang X, Zhou YJ. Ren Y, et al. Biotechnol Adv. 2020 Nov 15;44:107628. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107628. Epub 2020 Sep 1. Biotechnol Adv. 2020. PMID: 32882371 Review.
Limonene and its derivatives have great market potential with diverse applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. ...On the other hand, the limonene toxicity heavily reduces cellular fitness, which poses a serious challenge for improving limonene t …
Limonene and its derivatives have great market potential with diverse applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. ...On th …
Conversion of Limonene over Heterogeneous Catalysis: An Overview.
Tomar R, Jain S, Yadav P, Bajaj T, Mohajer F, Ziarani GM. Tomar R, et al. Curr Org Synth. 2022;19(3):414-425. doi: 10.2174/1570179418666210824101837. Curr Org Synth. 2022. PMID: 34429049 Review.
The natural terpene limonene is widely found in nature. The (R)-limonene (the most abundant enantiomer) is present in the essential oils of lemon, orange, and other citrus fruits, while the (S)- limonene is found in peppermint and the racemate in turpentine o …
The natural terpene limonene is widely found in nature. The (R)-limonene (the most abundant enantiomer) is present in the esse …
Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products.
Eddin LB, Jha NK, Meeran MFN, Kesari KK, Beiram R, Ojha S. Eddin LB, et al. Molecules. 2021 Jul 27;26(15):4535. doi: 10.3390/molecules26154535. Molecules. 2021. PMID: 34361686 Free PMC article. Review.
This review has been compiled based on the existing published articles confined to limonene or limonene-containing natural products investigated for their neurotherapeutic or neuroprotective potential. ...Collectively, this review emphasizes the neuroprotective pote …
This review has been compiled based on the existing published articles confined to limonene or limonene-containing natural pro …
Applications of Limonene in Neoplasms and Non-Neoplastic Diseases.
Rakoczy K, Szymańska N, Stecko J, Kisiel M, Maruszak M, Niedziela M, Kulbacka J. Rakoczy K, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jul 1;26(13):6359. doi: 10.3390/ijms26136359. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. PMID: 40650139 Free PMC article. Review.
This review elucidates limonene's biological versatility, spanning antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and gastroprotective domains. ...This review advocates for continued investigation into limonene's translational potential ac …
This review elucidates limonene's biological versatility, spanning antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, neuroprot …
D-Limonene: safety and clinical applications.
Sun J. Sun J. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):259-64. Altern Med Rev. 2007. PMID: 18072821 Review.
D-limonene is considered to have fairly low toxicity. It has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice and rats. ...Subsequent studies have determined how these tumors occur and established that d-limonene does not pose a mutagenic, carcinogenic, or nephrotoxic risk t …
D-limonene is considered to have fairly low toxicity. It has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice and rats. ...Subsequent studies …
Biotechnological production of limonene in microorganisms.
Jongedijk E, Cankar K, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. Jongedijk E, et al. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016 Apr;100(7):2927-38. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7337-7. Epub 2016 Feb 26. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016. PMID: 26915992 Free PMC article. Review.
This mini review describes novel, biotechnology-based, ways of producing the monoterpene limonene. Limonene is applied in relatively highly priced products, such as fragrances, and also has applications with lower value but large production volume, such as biomateri …
This mini review describes novel, biotechnology-based, ways of producing the monoterpene limonene. Limonene is applied in rela …
Limonene anti-TMV activity and its mode of action.
Luo W, Wang K, Luo J, Liu Y, Tong J, Qi M, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Ma Z, Feng J, Lei B, Yan H. Luo W, et al. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2023 Aug;194:105512. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105512. Epub 2023 Jun 29. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2023. PMID: 37532363
The main component of orange peel essential oil is limonene. Limonene is a natural active monoterpene with multiple functions, such as antibacterial, antiseptic and antitumor activity, and has important development value in agriculture. ...A direct effect of limo …
The main component of orange peel essential oil is limonene. Limonene is a natural active monoterpene with multiple functions, …
Aqueous Chlorination of D-Limonene.
Lebedev AT, Detenchuk EA, Latkin TB, Bavcon Kralj M, Trebše P. Lebedev AT, et al. Molecules. 2022 May 6;27(9):2988. doi: 10.3390/molecules27092988. Molecules. 2022. PMID: 35566337 Free PMC article.
Limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene) is one of the most widespread monocyclic terpenes, being both a natural and industrial compound. ...It is worth mentioning that the bulk products of aqueous chlorination are less toxic in the bioluminescence test on V. fi …
Limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene) is one of the most widespread monocyclic terpenes, being both a natural and indus …
Encapsulated Limonene: A Pleasant Lemon-Like Aroma with Promising Application in the Agri-Food Industry. A Review.
Ibáñez MD, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Blázquez MA. Ibáñez MD, et al. Molecules. 2020 Jun 3;25(11):2598. doi: 10.3390/molecules25112598. Molecules. 2020. PMID: 32503168 Free PMC article. Review.
Limonene, mainly found as a major component in Citrus spp., has been proven to possess a valuable potential as sustainable replacement to synthetic pesticides and food preservatives. This review intends to give a clear overview of the principal emerging applications of …
Limonene, mainly found as a major component in Citrus spp., has been proven to possess a valuable potential as sustainable replacemen …
Dynamic Breath Limonene Sensing at High Selectivity.
Weber IC, Oosthuizen DN, Mohammad RW, Mayhew CA, Pratsinis SE, Güntner AT. Weber IC, et al. ACS Sens. 2023 Jul 28;8(7):2618-2626. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00439. Epub 2023 Jun 28. ACS Sens. 2023. PMID: 37377394
A promising biomarker for noninvasive and inexpensive liver disease screening is breath limonene that can indicate a deficiency of the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. Here, we introduce a compact and low-cost detector for dynamic and selective breath limonene sensing …
A promising biomarker for noninvasive and inexpensive liver disease screening is breath limonene that can indicate a deficiency of th …
Mutational Analysis of (+)-Limonene Synthase.
Schiff WH, Oprian DD. Schiff WH, et al. Biochemistry. 2023 Aug 15;62(16):2472-2479. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00217. Epub 2023 Aug 2. Biochemistry. 2023. PMID: 37531404
The monoterpene limonene is produced by the enzyme limonene synthase in one of the simplest terpene cyclization reactions. The enzyme can use linalyl diphosphate (LPP) and neryl diphosphate (NPP) as substrates in addition to the naturally occurring substrate geranyl …
The monoterpene limonene is produced by the enzyme limonene synthase in one of the simplest terpene cyclization reactions. The …
Limonene Emissions: Do Different Types Have Different Biological Effects?
Nematollahi N, Ross PA, Hoffmann AA, Kolev SD, Steinemann A. Nematollahi N, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 7;18(19):10505. doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910505. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. PMID: 34639805 Free PMC article.
Limonene can exist in different enantiomeric forms (R-limonene and S-limonene) and be derived from different sources. ...The results indicate that a synthetic source of R-limonene is more repellent than a natural source of R-limonene. In additio …
Limonene can exist in different enantiomeric forms (R-limonene and S-limonene) and be derived from different sources. . …
Mechanism of Action of Limonene in Tumor Cells: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
de Vasconcelos C Braz J, de Carvalho FO, de Vasconcelos C Meneses D, Calixto FAF, Santana HSR, Almeida IB, de Aquino LAG, de Souza Araújo AA, Serafini MR. de Vasconcelos C Braz J, et al. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(26):2956-2965. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666201026152902. Curr Pharm Des. 2021. PMID: 33106139
One NP that has shown anticancer activity is Limonene. However, the mechanisms of limonene's antiproliferative, anticancer and antineoplastic activity are not fully understood. ...METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the Scopus, MEDLINE-Pub …
One NP that has shown anticancer activity is Limonene. However, the mechanisms of limonene's antiproliferative, anticancer and …
Review of toxicological assessment of d-limonene, a food and cosmetics additive.
Ravichandran C, Badgujar PC, Gundev P, Upadhyay A. Ravichandran C, et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Oct;120:668-680. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.052. Epub 2018 Jul 31. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018. PMID: 30075315 Review.
R-(+)-limonene (d-limonene) is a commonly used flavor additive in food, beverages and fragrances for its pleasant lemon-like odor. ...In addition, toxicity of limonene degradation products formed during storage of citrus juices isn't known. Based on all avail …
R-(+)-limonene (d-limonene) is a commonly used flavor additive in food, beverages and fragrances for its pleasant lemon-like o …
Effect of d-limonene and its derivatives on breast cancer in human trials: a scoping review and narrative synthesis.
Chebet JJ, Ehiri JE, McClelland DJ, Taren D, Hakim IA. Chebet JJ, et al. BMC Cancer. 2021 Aug 6;21(1):902. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08639-1. BMC Cancer. 2021. PMID: 34362338 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: D-limonene and its derivatives have demonstrated potential chemopreventive and anticancer activity in preclinical and clinical studies. ...CONCLUSION: This review demonstrated a dearth of clinical studies exploring the effect of d-limonene and its deriva …
BACKGROUND: D-limonene and its derivatives have demonstrated potential chemopreventive and anticancer activity in preclinical and cli …
Techno-economic assessment of microbial limonene production.
Sun C, Theodoropoulos C, Scrutton NS. Sun C, et al. Bioresour Technol. 2020 Mar;300:122666. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122666. Epub 2019 Dec 23. Bioresour Technol. 2020. PMID: 31901556 Free PMC article.
To satisfy the growing demand for limonene, novel pathways for microbial production of limonene have been sought. A techno-economic analysis is carried out for one such process producing limonene from sugar at an industrial plant scale to assess potential eco …
To satisfy the growing demand for limonene, novel pathways for microbial production of limonene have been sought. A techno-eco …
Identification of Fungal Limonene-3-Hydroxylase for Biotechnological Menthol Production.
Schempp FM, Strobel I, Etschmann MMW, Bierwirth E, Panten J, Schewe H, Schrader J, Buchhaupt M. Schempp FM, et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021 Apr 27;87(10):e02873-20. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02873-20. Print 2021 Apr 27. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021. PMID: 33637576 Free PMC article.
An alternative approach for menthol production could be a biotechnological-chemical process with ideally only two conversion steps, starting from (+)-limonene, which is a side product of the citrus processing industry. The first step requires a limonene-3-hydroxylas …
An alternative approach for menthol production could be a biotechnological-chemical process with ideally only two conversion steps, starting …
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Limonene in the Prevention and Control of Injuries in the Respiratory System: A Systematic Review.
Santana HSR, de Carvalho FO, Silva ER, Santos NGL, Shanmugam S, Santos DN, Wisniewski JO, Junior JSC, Nunes PS, Araujo AAS, de Albuquerque Junior RLC, Dos Santos MRV. Santana HSR, et al. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(18):2182-2191. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200320130443. Curr Pharm Des. 2020. PMID: 32220222
SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies on the use of limonene in disorders of the respiratory system, published until August 2019, were included. Those that did not use limonene alone or treated lesions in different systems other than the respiratory system, without targeting …
SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies on the use of limonene in disorders of the respiratory system, published until August 2019, were included …
D-limonene modulates AMPK signaling to inhibit ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation.
Luo G, Fang F, Guo Y, Li Y, Luo X. Luo G, et al. Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 30;16(1):22. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-29351-1. Sci Rep. 2025. PMID: 41469726 Free PMC article.
This study aims to explore the potential of D-limonene to inhibit ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. ...Additionally, autophagy-related proteins LC3-II/LC3-I, Atg5, and Beclin-1 were restored. D-limonene activated AMPK/p-AMP …
This study aims to explore the potential of D-limonene to inhibit ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation by activating the AMPK signaling …
d-limonene mechanistic data and risk assessment: absolute species-specific cytotoxicity, enhanced cell proliferation, and tumor promotion.
Whysner J, Williams GM. Whysner J, et al. Pharmacol Ther. 1996;71(1-2):127-36. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(96)00065-4. Pharmacol Ther. 1996. PMID: 8910952 Review.
d-Limonene produces tumors only in the kidneys of male rats in association with hyaline-droplet nephropathy, which is due to the accumulation of the rat-specific, low molecular weight protein alpha(2u)-globulin in the P2 segment cells of renal proximal tubules. ...There is …
d-Limonene produces tumors only in the kidneys of male rats in association with hyaline-droplet nephropathy, which is due to the accu …
Risk assessment of d-limonene: an example of male rat-specific renal tumorigens.
Hard GC, Whysner J. Hard GC, et al. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1994;24(3):231-54. doi: 10.3109/10408449409021607. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1994. PMID: 7945892 Review.
The mechanism of d-limonene tumor development does not appear to be possible in humans since neither the quantity nor the type of protein that binds d-limonene or d-limonene-1,2-oxide is present. The deduction that the renal tumors induced in male rats are no …
The mechanism of d-limonene tumor development does not appear to be possible in humans since neither the quantity nor the type of pro …
Limonene encapsulated alginate/collagen as antibiofilm drug against Acinetobacter baumannii.
Valookolaei FG, Sazegar H, Rouhi L. Valookolaei FG, et al. BMC Biotechnol. 2024 Nov 1;24(1):86. doi: 10.1186/s12896-024-00888-9. BMC Biotechnol. 2024. PMID: 39487438 Free PMC article.
This work examined the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of alginate/collagen nanoparticles containing limonene. The multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains were screened, and the morphological features of the produced nanoparticles were determined utilizing SEM, DLS, an …
This work examined the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of alginate/collagen nanoparticles containing limonene. The multi-dru …
From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene's Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations.
Sanshita, Devi N, Bhattacharya B, Sharma A, Singh I, Kumar P, Huanbutta K, Sangnim T. Sanshita, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025 Apr 11;20:4433-4460. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S514247. eCollection 2025. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025. PMID: 40242610 Free PMC article. Review.
Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene found in oranges, lemons, grapefruit, fennel, and caraway, and is a part of essential oils of different plants. ...Furthermore, it delves into an in-depth discussion of the role of nanoformulations and novel drug delivery syste …
Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene found in oranges, lemons, grapefruit, fennel, and caraway, and is a part of essential o …
Biotransformation of limonene by bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and plants.
Duetz WA, Bouwmeester H, van Beilen JB, Witholt B. Duetz WA, et al. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 May;61(4):269-77. doi: 10.1007/s00253-003-1221-y. Epub 2003 Mar 15. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003. PMID: 12743755 Free article. Review.
The past 5 years have seen significant progress in the field of limonene biotransformation, especially with regard to the regiospecificity of microbial biocatalysts. ...The present review also includes the considerable progress made in the characterization of plant P-450 …
The past 5 years have seen significant progress in the field of limonene biotransformation, especially with regard to the regiospecif …
(+)-Limonene-Lactam: Synthesis of a Sustainable Monomer for Ring-Opening Polymerization to Novel, Biobased Polyamides.
Kleybolte MM, Zainer L, Liu JY, Stockmann PN, Winnacker M. Kleybolte MM, et al. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2022 Sep;43(17):e2200185. doi: 10.1002/marc.202200185. Epub 2022 May 18. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2022. PMID: 35531966
In this work, the synthesis of limonene lactam starting from limonene epoxide and its subsequent ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to novel polyamides is presented. ...Limonene lactam possesses an isopropylene and a methyl side group, thus stereocenters posin …
In this work, the synthesis of limonene lactam starting from limonene epoxide and its subsequent ring-opening polymerization ( …
Safety evaluation and risk assessment of d-Limonene.
Kim YW, Kim MJ, Chung BY, Bang du Y, Lim SK, Choi SM, Lim DS, Cho MC, Yoon K, Kim HS, Kim KB, Kim YS, Kwack SJ, Lee BM. Kim YW, et al. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2013;16(1):17-38. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2013.769418. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2013. PMID: 23573938 Review.
Thus, the liver was identified as a critical target organ following oral administration of d-limonene. Other than the adverse dermal effects noted in humans, other notable toxic effects of d-limonene have not been reported. ...In conclusion, the use of d-limonene …
Thus, the liver was identified as a critical target organ following oral administration of d-limonene. Other than the adverse dermal …
Limonene alleviated ulcerative colitis via anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and regulating intestinal microenvironment in vivo and in vitro.
Xu W, Wang H, Sun Z, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Sun X, Gu J, Gong Y. Xu W, et al. Inflammopharmacology. 2025 Oct;33(10):6287-6305. doi: 10.1007/s10787-025-01974-w. Epub 2025 Sep 23. Inflammopharmacology. 2025. PMID: 40986263
Limonene, a monoterpene naturally abundant in various Citrus fruits, is widely used as a fragrance component and dietary supplement. ...Limonene mitigated UC-associated dysbiosis by shifting the gut microbial composition toward that of healthy controls. ...
Limonene, a monoterpene naturally abundant in various Citrus fruits, is widely used as a fragrance component and dietary supplement. …
[Production of limonene and its derivative in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via metabolic engineering].
Huang Y, Yang H, Shen W, Xia Y, Cao Y, Chen X. Huang Y, et al. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2023 Nov 25;39(11):4647-4662. doi: 10.13345/j.cjb.230181. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2023. PMID: 38013190 Free article. Chinese.
However, inefficient plant extraction and high energy-consuming chemical synthesis hamper the industrial production of limonene and perillic acid. In this study, limonene synthase from Mentha spicata was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by peroxisome compartmen …
However, inefficient plant extraction and high energy-consuming chemical synthesis hamper the industrial production of limonene and p …
Efficient Synthesis of Limonene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Combinatorial Metabolic Engineering Strategies.
Kong X, Wu Y, Yu W, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Kong X, et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2023 May 24;71(20):7752-7764. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02076. Epub 2023 May 15. J Agric Food Chem. 2023. PMID: 37189018
Subsequently, we enhanced the acetyl-CoA and NADPH supply, which increased the limonene titer to 1097.43 mg/L. Then, we reconstructed the limonene synthesis pathway in the mitochondria. Dual regulation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial metabolism further increased th …
Subsequently, we enhanced the acetyl-CoA and NADPH supply, which increased the limonene titer to 1097.43 mg/L. Then, we reconstructed …
Visualization of a Limonene Synthesis Metabolon Inside Living Bacteria by Hyperspectral SRS Microscopy.
Zhang J, Shin J, Tague N, Lin H, Zhang M, Ge X, Wong W, Dunlop MJ, Cheng JX. Zhang J, et al. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Nov;9(32):e2203887. doi: 10.1002/advs.202203887. Epub 2022 Sep 28. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022. PMID: 36169112 Free PMC article.
Using hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging in the 670-900 cm(-1) region, localized limonene synthesis are visualized inside engineered Escherichia coli. The colocalization of limonene and GFP-fused limonene synthase is confirmed by co-registered …
Using hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging in the 670-900 cm(-1) region, localized limonene synthesis are visualized ins …
The Persistent Myth of Limonene's Smell.
Roth K, Bauer H, Sjursnes BJ, Kvittingen L, Schmid R. Roth K, et al. Chembiochem. 2025 May 27;26(10):e202401085. doi: 10.1002/cbic.202401085. Epub 2025 Apr 7. Chembiochem. 2025. PMID: 40191954
The scent of the well-known monoterpene limonene is thoroughly investigated. Despite this, the scientific community does not reach consensus. In this Perspective article, a discussion is contributed by giving a simple overview of the olfactory system, as well as presenting …
The scent of the well-known monoterpene limonene is thoroughly investigated. Despite this, the scientific community does not reach co …
Interactions of limonene with the water dimer.
Murugachandran SI, Sanz ME. Murugachandran SI, et al. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2022 Nov 9;24(43):26529-26538. doi: 10.1039/d2cp04174j. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2022. PMID: 36300367
In all isomers a distorted water dimer binds to limonene through O-H pi and C-H O interactions, and shows a strong preference for interacting with equatorial conformations of limonene. O-H pi hydrogen bonds to both endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds of limonen …
In all isomers a distorted water dimer binds to limonene through O-H pi and C-H O interactions, and shows a strong preference for int …
Chemoprevention and therapy of cancer by d-limonene.
Crowell PL, Gould MN. Crowell PL, et al. Crit Rev Oncog. 1994;5(1):1-22. doi: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v5.i1.10. Crit Rev Oncog. 1994. PMID: 7948106 Review.
The naturally occurring monoterpene d-limonene has chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity against many rodent solid tumor types. ...The complete regression of mammary carcinomas by limonene appears to involve tissue redifferentiation. The multiple antitumorig …
The naturally occurring monoterpene d-limonene has chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity against many rodent solid tumor type …
Biochemical significance of limonene and its metabolites: future prospects for designing and developing highly potent anticancer drugs.
Mukhtar YM, Adu-Frimpong M, Xu X, Yu J. Mukhtar YM, et al. Biosci Rep. 2018 Nov 13;38(6):BSR20181253. doi: 10.1042/BSR20181253. Print 2018 Dec 21. Biosci Rep. 2018. PMID: 30287506 Free PMC article. Review.
Based on the aforementioned biological properties of limonene and its metabolites, their structural modification and development into effective drugs could be rewarding. ...In this review, recent research progress in the biochemical significance of limonene and its …
Based on the aforementioned biological properties of limonene and its metabolites, their structural modification and development into …
Systematic Optimization of Limonene Production in Engineered Escherichia coli.
Wu J, Cheng S, Cao J, Qiao J, Zhao GR. Wu J, et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Jun 26;67(25):7087-7097. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01427. Epub 2019 Jun 14. J Agric Food Chem. 2019. PMID: 31199132
Limonene, a cyclic monoterpene, is widely used in food and cosmetics industries as well as in agriculture. ...Expression of MmMK with ScPMK, ScPMD, and ScIDI under FAB80 promoter resulted in an efficient midstream module to produce 181.73 mg/L of limonene. Subsequen …
Limonene, a cyclic monoterpene, is widely used in food and cosmetics industries as well as in agriculture. ...Expression of MmMK with …
Evaluation of urinary limonene metabolites as biomarkers of exposure to greenness.
Xie Z, Sutaria SR, Chen JY, Gao H, Conklin DJ, Keith RJ, Srivastava S, Lorkiewicz P, Bhatnagar A. Xie Z, et al. Environ Res. 2024 Mar 15;245:117991. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117991. Epub 2023 Dec 22. Environ Res. 2024. PMID: 38141921 Free PMC article.
Eighteen isomers of nine metabolites were detected in urine after limonene inhalation, and their kinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed effect models. Urinary levels of most abundant limonene metabolites were elevated after brief exposure to a fores …
Eighteen isomers of nine metabolites were detected in urine after limonene inhalation, and their kinetic parameters were estimated us …
Recent insights in the importance of limonene and its biotransformed value added compounds.
Ayoub N, Lone BA, Shafeeq H, Kumari H, Ahmed Z, Babu V. Ayoub N, et al. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 Dec 24;42(1):1. doi: 10.1007/s11274-025-04680-5. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025. PMID: 41441891 Review.
Despite being promising, the application of limonene industrially is limited because of its high volatility, low solubility, and cytotoxic action towards microbial hosts. Value-added compounds such as carveol, carvone, perillyl alcohol, perillic acid, and limonene-1 …
Despite being promising, the application of limonene industrially is limited because of its high volatility, low solubility, and cyto …
Pharmacological potential of limonene against opportunistic fungi: Impact on Candida virulence.
Novais MHG, Farias NS, Dos Santos AG, Fonseca VJA, Ribeiro-Filho J, De Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Morais-Braga MFB. Novais MHG, et al. Acta Trop. 2024 May;253:107168. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107168. Epub 2024 Mar 1. Acta Trop. 2024. PMID: 38432404
And when combined, limonene potentiated the action of FCZ, making fungal colonization unfeasible at concentrations below 1024 mug/mL. Regarding the morphological transition from yeast to hyphae, limonene was used at concentrations of 1024 mug/mL and 512 mug/mL, and …
And when combined, limonene potentiated the action of FCZ, making fungal colonization unfeasible at concentrations below 1024 mug/mL. …
D-Limonene Alleviates Oxidative Stress Injury of the Testis Induced by Arsenic in Rat.
Yang Y, Hong Y, Han J, Yang Z, Huang N, Xu B, Wang Q. Yang Y, et al. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Jun;202(6):2776-2785. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03881-z. Epub 2023 Sep 29. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024. PMID: 37773484
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of D-limonene motivate us to further explore whether it can reduce arsenic-induced testicular injury. ...In conclusion, our data reveal a previously unproven beneficial effect of D-limonene, namely that D-limonene …
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of D-limonene motivate us to further explore whether it can reduce arsenic-induced t …
Related Mechanism of Limonene Improves LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation.
Jiang Y, Liu G, Liu Q, Zhang L, Tan Y, Cen J, Zhao Y, Li A. Jiang Y, et al. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 May 28;35:e2411053. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2411.11053. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025. PMID: 40443223 Free PMC article.
Limonene, a component of volatile oils extracted from citrus plants, is known traditionally to treat inflammation. ...In addition, limonene improved the spatial memory and learning ability of mice caused by neuroinflammation, as well as neuronal death in the cerebra …
Limonene, a component of volatile oils extracted from citrus plants, is known traditionally to treat inflammation. ...In addition, …
d-limonene, an anticarcinogenic terpene.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Nutr Rev. 1988 Oct;46(10):363-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1988.tb05365.x. Nutr Rev. 1988. PMID: 3067145 Review. No abstract available.
Limonene protects human skin keratinocytes against UVB-induced photodamage and photoaging by activating the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense system.
Kumar KJS, Vani MG, Wang SY. Kumar KJS, et al. Environ Toxicol. 2022 Dec;37(12):2897-2909. doi: 10.1002/tox.23646. Epub 2022 Sep 5. Environ Toxicol. 2022. PMID: 36063024
Indeed, Nrf2 knockdown reduced limonene's protective effects. Additionally, we observed that limonene treatment inhibited UVB-induced alpha-MSH secretion followed by inhibition of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) via suppression of p53 transcriptional activation. ...On th …
Indeed, Nrf2 knockdown reduced limonene's protective effects. Additionally, we observed that limonene treatment inhibited UVB- …
Limonene-induced activation of A(2A) adenosine receptors reduces airway inflammation and reactivity in a mouse model of asthma.
Patel M, Narke D, Kurade M, Frey KM, Rajalingam S, Siddiquee A, Mustafa SJ, Ledent C, Ponnoth DS. Patel M, et al. Purinergic Signal. 2020 Sep;16(3):415-426. doi: 10.1007/s11302-020-09697-z. Epub 2020 Aug 13. Purinergic Signal. 2020. PMID: 32789792 Free PMC article.
We investigated the effects of limonene on lung inflammation and airway responsiveness to methacholine (MCh) and NECA (nonselective adenosine analog) by administering limonene as an inhalation prior to OVA aerosol challenges in one group of allergic mice for both WT …
We investigated the effects of limonene on lung inflammation and airway responsiveness to methacholine (MCh) and NECA (nonselective a …
Limonene inhibits Candida albicans growth by inducing apoptosis.
Thakre A, Zore G, Kodgire S, Kazi R, Mulange S, Patil R, Shelar A, Santhakumari B, Kulkarni M, Kharat K, Karuppayil SM. Thakre A, et al. Med Mycol. 2018 Jul 1;56(5):565-578. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx074. Med Mycol. 2018. PMID: 29420815
Limonene also exhibited excellent synergy with FLC against planktonic and biofilm growth. SWATH-MS analysis led to identification of limonene responsive proteins that provided molecular insight of its anti-Candida activity. ...
Limonene also exhibited excellent synergy with FLC against planktonic and biofilm growth. SWATH-MS analysis led to identification of …
D-limonene inhibits peritoneal adhesion formation in rats via anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and antioxidative effects.
Razazi A, Kakanezhadi A, Raisi A, Pedram B, Dezfoulian O, Davoodi F. Razazi A, et al. Inflammopharmacology. 2024 Apr;32(2):1077-1089. doi: 10.1007/s10787-023-01417-4. Epub 2024 Feb 3. Inflammopharmacology. 2024. PMID: 38308792
The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of D-limonene on decreasing post-operative adhesion in rats and to understand the mechanisms involved. ...In summary, D-limonene reduced adhesion bands, inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis, and oxidative stres …
The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of D-limonene on decreasing post-operative adhesion in rats and to understand …
Allergic contact dermatitis from ("hypoallergenic") adhesives containing D-limonene.
Dendooven E, Foubert K, Naessens T, Pieters L, Lambert J, Goossens A, Aerts O. Dendooven E, et al. Contact Dermatitis. 2022 Feb;86(2):113-119. doi: 10.1111/cod.14008. Epub 2021 Dec 5. Contact Dermatitis. 2022. PMID: 34786729
BACKGROUND: Besides being a potential component of (some species of) colophonium, D-limonene is also used as a tackifier in the production of adhesives. Hydroperoxides of limonene are well-known skin sensitizers. ...CONCLUSIONS: D-limonene may be present in b …
BACKGROUND: Besides being a potential component of (some species of) colophonium, D-limonene is also used as a tackifier in the produ …
The human relevance of the renal tumor-inducing potential of d-limonene in male rats: implications for risk assessment.
Flamm WG, Lehman-McKeeman LD. Flamm WG, et al. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1991 Feb;13(1):70-86. doi: 10.1016/0273-2300(91)90042-t. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1991. PMID: 2024047 Review.
Although d-limonene is not carcinogenic in female rats or male and female mice given much higher dosages, the male rat-specific nephrocarcinogenicity of d-limonene may raise some concern regarding the safety of d-limonene for human consumption. ...Both d-l …
Although d-limonene is not carcinogenic in female rats or male and female mice given much higher dosages, the male rat-specific nephr …
Exploration of D-limonene as a sex pheromone for males of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Cheng X, Wen Q, Li Y, Wang S, Fan G, Ma Z, Guo Y, Li X, Zhang H. Cheng X, et al. Pest Manag Sci. 2024 Apr;80(4):1868-1876. doi: 10.1002/ps.7914. Epub 2023 Dec 21. Pest Manag Sci. 2024. PMID: 38041609
Moreover, d-limonene was diluted with paraffin oil into differential concentrations, the lure effect on males was better at 100, 500, and 800 muL d-limonene mL(-1) than pure d-limonene (1000 muL mL(-1) ). ...However, d-limonene was unattractive to fema …
Moreover, d-limonene was diluted with paraffin oil into differential concentrations, the lure effect on males was better at 100, 500, …
Limonene monitoring in citrus industry wastewater using molecularly imprinted voltammetric sensor.
Zancan AM, da Silva JL, Stradiotto NR. Zancan AM, et al. Talanta. 2025 Sep 1;292:127831. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127831. Epub 2025 Mar 8. Talanta. 2025. PMID: 40073820
The present work reports the development of a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for limonene determination in orange industry wastewater. MIP sensor was constructed through the pyrrole electropolymerization in the presence of limonene …
The present work reports the development of a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for limonene determina …
D-limonene (5 (one-methyl-four-[1-methylethenyl]) cyclohexane) diminishes CCl(4)-induced cardiac toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammatory and cardiac markers.
AlSaffar RM, Rashid S, Ahmad SB, Rehman MU, Hussain I, Parvaiz Ahmad S, Ganaie MA. AlSaffar RM, et al. Redox Rep. 2022 Dec;27(1):92-99. doi: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2062947. Redox Rep. 2022. PMID: 35435141 Free PMC article.
A large number of studies have shown that plant polyphenols affect major mechanisms involved in cardiovascular events through their action on the antioxidant system, signaling, and transcription pathways. D-limonene, a monocyclic monoterpene obtained from citrus fruits, is …
A large number of studies have shown that plant polyphenols affect major mechanisms involved in cardiovascular events through their action o …
Limonene inhibits streptococcal biofilm formation by targeting surface-associated virulence factors.
Subramenium GA, Vijayakumar K, Pandian SK. Subramenium GA, et al. J Med Microbiol. 2015 Aug;64(8):879-890. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000105. J Med Microbiol. 2015. PMID: 26294065
Limonene was found to possess about 75-95 % antibiofilm activity against all the pathogens tested, viz. ...Anti-cariogenic efficacy of limonene against Streptococcus mutans was confirmed, with inhibition of acid production and downregulation of the vicR gene. ...
Limonene was found to possess about 75-95 % antibiofilm activity against all the pathogens tested, viz. ...Anti-cariogenic efficacy o …
d-Limonene protects PC12 cells against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity by activating the AMPK pathway.
Tang XP, Guo XH, Geng D, Weng LJ. Tang XP, et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019 Aug;70:103192. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.05.001. Epub 2019 May 2. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019. PMID: 31103492
Addition of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, severely weakened these neuroprotective effects of d-limonene. d-Limonene has a neuroprotective effect on corticosterone-induced PC12 cell injury induced by activating the AMPKalpha signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting …
Addition of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, severely weakened these neuroprotective effects of d-limonene. d-Limonene has a neu …
Limonene enhances rice plant resistance to a piercing-sucking herbivore and rice pathogens.
Qiu CL, Li W, Wang LN, Wang SC, Falert S, Wang C, Yu SY, Abdelkhalek ST, Lu J, Lin YJ, Wang MQ. Qiu CL, et al. Plant Biotechnol J. 2025 Jan;23(1):84-96. doi: 10.1111/pbi.14481. Epub 2024 Sep 28. Plant Biotechnol J. 2025. PMID: 39340817 Free PMC article.
BPH female adults performed concentration-dependent behavioural responses to (S)-limonene showing preference behaviour at low concentrations and avoidance behaviour at high concentrations. ...OsTPS19 and OsTPS20 were found to be involved in fine-tuning the emission of (S)- …
BPH female adults performed concentration-dependent behavioural responses to (S)-limonene showing preference behaviour at low concent …
Botanical solvents.
DeWitt C, Bebarta V. DeWitt C, et al. Clin Occup Environ Med. 2004 Aug;4(3):445-54, v-vi. doi: 10.1016/j.coem.2004.03.003. Clin Occup Environ Med. 2004. PMID: 15325315 Review.
This article focuses on three lesser-known botanical solvents: limonene, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Although data are limited, limonene, linoleic acid, and oleic acid are likely of low toxicity. Mild skin irritation may occur from exposure to these compounds, an …
This article focuses on three lesser-known botanical solvents: limonene, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Although data are limited, …
D-Limonene reduces depression-like behaviour and enhances learning and memory through an anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism in male rats subjected to chronic restraint stress.
Alkanat M, Alkanat HÖ. Alkanat M, et al. Eur J Neurosci. 2024 Aug;60(4):4491-4502. doi: 10.1111/ejn.16455. Epub 2024 Jun 26. Eur J Neurosci. 2024. PMID: 38932560
Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: i) control, ii) D-limonene, iii) restraint stress, iv) restraint stress+D-limonene and v) restraint stress+fluoxetine. ...In the novel object recognition test, the discrimination index of the stress+D-limonene …
Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: i) control, ii) D-limonene, iii) restraint stress, iv) restraint stress+D-limon …
Enhanced limonene production in cyanobacteria reveals photosynthesis limitations.
Wang X, Liu W, Xin C, Zheng Y, Cheng Y, Sun S, Li R, Zhu XG, Dai SY, Rentzepis PM, Yuan JS. Wang X, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Dec 13;113(50):14225-14230. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1613340113. Epub 2016 Nov 23. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016. PMID: 27911807 Free PMC article.
By enhancing the downstream limonene carbon sink, we achieved over 100-fold increase in limonene productivity, in contrast to the marginal increase achieved through stepwise metabolic engineering. ...Moreover, we show that enhanced limonene flux would lead to …
By enhancing the downstream limonene carbon sink, we achieved over 100-fold increase in limonene productivity, in contrast to …
Limonene has anti-anxiety activity via adenosine A2A receptor-mediated regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic neuronal function in the striatum.
Song Y, Seo S, Lamichhane S, Seo J, Hong JT, Cha HJ, Yun J. Song Y, et al. Phytomedicine. 2021 Mar;83:153474. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153474. Epub 2021 Jan 21. Phytomedicine. 2021. PMID: 33548867
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: Herein, we report the anxiolytic activity of limonene. In addition, we identified a possible mechanism underlying the effect of limonene on DAergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. ...Furthermore, tissue dopamine levels were increased in the stri …
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: Herein, we report the anxiolytic activity of limonene. In addition, we identified a possible mechanism underlying …
Combination of tamoxifen and D-limonene enhances therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer cells.
Mandal D, Sahu BR, Parija T. Mandal D, et al. Med Oncol. 2023 Jun 30;40(8):216. doi: 10.1007/s12032-023-02081-y. Med Oncol. 2023. PMID: 37391551
The combined effects of tamoxifen with D-limonene have shown significant decrease in the cell viability of MCF 7 cells. According to flow cytometer analyses and Annexin V/PI staining, D-limonene has been found to increase tamoxifen-mediated apoptosis as compared to …
The combined effects of tamoxifen with D-limonene have shown significant decrease in the cell viability of MCF 7 cells. According to …
Limonene hydroperoxide analogues differ in allergenic activity.
Christensson JB, Johansson S, Hagvall L, Jonsson C, Börje A, Karlberg AT. Christensson JB, et al. Contact Dermatitis. 2008 Dec;59(6):344-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01442.x. Contact Dermatitis. 2008. PMID: 19076885 Clinical Trial.
Oxidized (ox.) limonene is a frequent cause of contact allergy in clinical testing. OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the sensitizing potencies of ox. and non-ox. limonene and of structurally closely related limonene hydroperoxides. ...RESULTS: A marked inc …
Oxidized (ox.) limonene is a frequent cause of contact allergy in clinical testing. OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the sensitizi …
Degradation of limonene and trans-cinnamaldehyde in soil, and detection of their metabolites by UHPLC and GC-HRMS.
Reyes-Ávila A, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R. Reyes-Ávila A, et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 May;31(22):33058-33068. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-33334-6. Epub 2024 Apr 26. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024. PMID: 38668941 Free PMC article.
For this purpose, an orange oil-based biopesticide was used, being limonene its main ingredient. The other biopesticide was based on cinnamon extract and trans-cinnamaldehyde as its main component. ...Possible metabolites such as thymol, cymene, isoterpinolene and cymenene …
For this purpose, an orange oil-based biopesticide was used, being limonene its main ingredient. The other biopesticide was based on …
Limonene through Attenuation of Neuroinflammation and Nitrite Level Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effect on Mouse Model of Maternal Separation Stress.
Lorigooini Z, Boroujeni SN, Sayyadi-Shahraki M, Rahimi-Madiseh M, Bijad E, Amini-Khoei H. Lorigooini Z, et al. Behav Neurol. 2021 Jan 29;2021:8817309. doi: 10.1155/2021/8817309. eCollection 2021. Behav Neurol. 2021. PMID: 33564342 Free PMC article.
METHODS: Mice were randomly divided into experimental groups as follows: the control group received normal saline and MS groups received normal saline, limonene (10 and 20 mg/kg), L-NAME (10 mg/kg), L-arginine (L-arg) (75 mg/kg), limonene (10 mg/kg) plus L-NAME, and …
METHODS: Mice were randomly divided into experimental groups as follows: the control group received normal saline and MS groups received nor …
Limonene encapsulation in freeze dried gellan systems.
Evageliou V, Saliari D. Evageliou V, et al. Food Chem. 2017 May 15;223:72-75. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.030. Epub 2016 Dec 15. Food Chem. 2017. PMID: 28069125
The encapsulation of limonene in freeze-dried gellan systems was investigated. Surface and encapsulated limonene content was determined by measurement of the absorbance at 252nm. ...Among all gellan gels, the KCl gels had the greater encapsulated limonene con …
The encapsulation of limonene in freeze-dried gellan systems was investigated. Surface and encapsulated limonene content was d …
D-limonene Inhibits Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizure via Adenosine A2A Receptor Modulation on GABAergic Neuronal Activity.
Seo S, Song Y, Gu SM, Min HK, Hong JT, Cha HJ, Yun J. Seo S, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 4;21(23):9277. doi: 10.3390/ijms21239277. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 33291789 Free PMC article.
In addition, D-limonene treatment increased glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67) expression in the hippocampus. Axonal sprouting of hippocampal neurons after kindling was inhibited by D-limonene pretreatment. Moreover, D-limonene reduced the expression levels …
In addition, D-limonene treatment increased glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67) expression in the hippocampus. Axonal sprouting of hi …
Transcriptomic analysis of Sitophilus zeamais in response to limonene fumigation.
Liao M, Li S, Wu H, Gao Q, Shi S, Huang Y, Cao H. Liao M, et al. Pest Manag Sci. 2022 Nov;78(11):4774-4782. doi: 10.1002/ps.7097. Epub 2022 Aug 13. Pest Manag Sci. 2022. PMID: 35900300
The mortality rate of 7 day-old Sitophilus zeamais adult mediated with knockdown of SzCYP6MS5 and SzCYP6MS6 raised up to 65.67% and 67.65% after fumigation with limonene in 24 h, respectively. The results showed that SzCYP6MS5 and SzCYP6MS6 are closely involved to the deto …
The mortality rate of 7 day-old Sitophilus zeamais adult mediated with knockdown of SzCYP6MS5 and SzCYP6MS6 raised up to 65.67% and 67.65% a …
Therapeutic potential of limonene-based syringic acid nanoemulsion: Enhanced ex-vivo cutaneous deposition and clinical anti-psoriatic efficacy.
Assalem N, Abd-Allah H, Ragaie MH, Ahmed SS, Elmowafy E. Assalem N, et al. Int J Pharm. 2024 Jul 20;660:124376. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124376. Epub 2024 Jun 22. Int J Pharm. 2024. PMID: 38914355
SA-NE were prepared with either lauroglycol90, limonene or their combination (oil phase) and tween80 (surfactant) with variable concentrations. ...Collectively, the practical feasibility of limonene-based SA-NE topical delivery can boost curative functionality in th …
SA-NE were prepared with either lauroglycol90, limonene or their combination (oil phase) and tween80 (surfactant) with variable conce …
Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Antibacterial Mechanism of Limonene against Listeria monocytogenes.
Han Y, Sun Z, Chen W. Han Y, et al. Molecules. 2019 Dec 20;25(1):33. doi: 10.3390/molecules25010033. Molecules. 2019. PMID: 31861877 Free PMC article.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) verified that limonene caused the destruction of the cell integrity and wall structure of L. monocytogenes. ...This indicated that limonene treatment caused damage to the L. monocytogenes cell membrane. Furthermore, the decrease in …
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) verified that limonene caused the destruction of the cell integrity and wall structure of L. monoc …
Non-clinical toxicity of (+)-limonene epoxide and its physio-pharmacological properties on neurological disorders.
Almeida AAC, Ferreira JRO, de Carvalho RBF, Rizzo MDS, Lopes LDS, Dittz D, Castro E Souza JM, Ferreira PMP. Almeida AAC, et al. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020 Dec;393(12):2301-2314. doi: 10.1007/s00210-020-01943-w. Epub 2020 Jul 11. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020. PMID: 32653979
The compound (+)-limonene epoxide has antioxidant, anxiolytic, and antihelminthic properties. However, investigations to determine its long-term exposure were not performed. ...Aftterwards, mice were chronically treated for 120 days by gavage with (+)-limonene epoxi …
The compound (+)-limonene epoxide has antioxidant, anxiolytic, and antihelminthic properties. However, investigations to determine it …
Limonene hydroperoxide analogues show specific patch test reactions.
Christensson JB, Hellsén S, Börje A, Karlberg AT. Christensson JB, et al. Contact Dermatitis. 2014 May;70(5):291-9. doi: 10.1111/cod.12195. Epub 2014 Feb 26. Contact Dermatitis. 2014. PMID: 24611933
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of reactivity among consecutive dermatitis patients to two structurally closely related limonene hydroperoxides, limonene-1-hydroperoxide and limonene-2-hydroperoxide. METHODS: Limonene-1-hydroperoxide, limonen …
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of reactivity among consecutive dermatitis patients to two structurally closely related limonene …
Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis.
Spindle TR, Zamarripa CA, Russo E, Pollak L, Bigelow G, Ward AM, Tompson B, Sempio C, Shokati T, Klawitter J, Christians U, Vandrey R. Spindle TR, et al. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024 Apr 1;257:111267. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111267. Epub 2024 Mar 13. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024. PMID: 38498958 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
This study assessed whether the cannabis terpenoid d-limonene mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of THC. METHODS: Twenty healthy adults completed nine, double-blind outpatient sessions in which they inhaled vaporized THC alone (15mg or 30mg), d-limonene alone (1 …
This study assessed whether the cannabis terpenoid d-limonene mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of THC. METHODS: Twenty healthy …
Hepatoprotective effect of limonene against chronic immobilization induced liver damage in rats.
Amini R, Asle-Rousta M, Aghazadeh S. Amini R, et al. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;393(11):2053-2059. doi: 10.1007/s00210-020-01915-0. Epub 2020 Jun 8. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020. PMID: 32514601
In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effect of limonene (a monoterpene) in male rats exposed to chronic immobilization. Rats were exposed to immobilization stress (6 h/21 days) and received limonene (10 mg/kg, oral gavage) during this period. ...Expre …
In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effect of limonene (a monoterpene) in male rats exposed to chronic immobilization …
Simultaneous Improvement of Limonene Production and Tolerance in Yarrowia lipolytica through Tolerance Engineering and Evolutionary Engineering.
Li J, Zhu K, Miao L, Rong L, Zhao Y, Li S, Ma L, Li J, Zhang C, Xiao D, Foo JL, Yu A. Li J, et al. ACS Synth Biol. 2021 Apr 16;10(4):884-896. doi: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00052. Epub 2021 Mar 15. ACS Synth Biol. 2021. PMID: 33715363
However, the deleterious effects on cellular activity by the toxicity of limonene is the major obstacle in achieving high-titer production of limonene in engineered microbes. ...To determine whether overexpression of these genes could also improve limonene pr …
However, the deleterious effects on cellular activity by the toxicity of limonene is the major obstacle in achieving high-titer produ …
S-limonene protects the heart in an experimental model of myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol: Possible involvement of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
Rhana P, Barros GM, Santos VCO, Costa AD, Santos DMD, Fernandes-Braga W, Durço AO, Santos MRV, Roman-Campos D, Vasconcelos CML, Cruz JS, Souza DS. Rhana P, et al. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 5;930:175134. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175134. Epub 2022 Jul 14. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022. PMID: 35843301 Free article.
Thus, this study sought to elucidate the mechanisms of cardioprotection of s-limonene in an isoproterenol-induced MI animal model. METHODS: Wistar rats were treated with 1 mg/kg s-limonene (SL) or 100 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAC, positive control) once, 30 min after …
Thus, this study sought to elucidate the mechanisms of cardioprotection of s-limonene in an isoproterenol-induced MI animal model. ME …
A Gram-Scale Limonene Production Process with Engineered Escherichia coli.
Rolf J, Julsing MK, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Rolf J, et al. Molecules. 2020 Apr 18;25(8):1881. doi: 10.3390/molecules25081881. Molecules. 2020. PMID: 32325737 Free PMC article.
Monoterpenes, such as the cyclic terpene limonene, are valuable and important natural products widely used in food, cosmetics, household chemicals, and pharmaceutical applications. ...In this study, a limonene production process was developed with metabolically engi …
Monoterpenes, such as the cyclic terpene limonene, are valuable and important natural products widely used in food, cosmetics, househ …
Limonene-Based Epoxy: Anhydride Thermoset Reaction Study.
Couture G, Granado L, Fanget F, Boutevin B, Caillol S. Couture G, et al. Molecules. 2018 Oct 23;23(11):2739. doi: 10.3390/molecules23112739. Molecules. 2018. PMID: 30360571 Free PMC article.
In this paper, a novel bio-based epoxy monomer derived from limonene was synthesized without epichlorohydrine and characterized. In fact, this paper depicts the synthesis of bis-limonene oxide (bis-LO). ...
In this paper, a novel bio-based epoxy monomer derived from limonene was synthesized without epichlorohydrine and characterized. In f …
Interactions of limonene and carvone on titanium dioxide surfaces.
Fan H, Frank ES, Tobias DJ, Grassian VH. Fan H, et al. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2022 Oct 5;24(38):23870-23883. doi: 10.1039/d2cp03021g. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2022. PMID: 36165087
Limonene, a monoterpene, found in cleaning products and air fresheners can interact with a variety of surfaces in indoor environments. An oxidation product of limonene, carvone, has been reported to cause contact allergens. In this study, we have investigated the in …
Limonene, a monoterpene, found in cleaning products and air fresheners can interact with a variety of surfaces in indoor environments …
Limonene terpenoid obstructs human bladder cancer cell (T24 cell line) growth by inducing cellular apoptosis, caspase activation, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and stops cancer metastasis.
Ye Z, Liang Z, Mi Q, Guo Y. Ye Z, et al. J BUON. 2020 Jan-Feb;25(1):280-285. J BUON. 2020. PMID: 32277643 Free article.
The apoptotic cell percentage was 1.95, 5.35, 15.61 and 34.71% at limonene concentrations of 0, 9, 18 and 36 M. Further, the apoptotic effects of limonene were also confirmed by Western blot analysis and the results showed increase in the expression of Bax and casp …
The apoptotic cell percentage was 1.95, 5.35, 15.61 and 34.71% at limonene concentrations of 0, 9, 18 and 36 M. Further, the apoptot …
D-Limonene Inhibits Pichia kluyveri Y-11519 in Sichuan Pickles by Disrupting Metabolism.
Zeng C, Sun Y, Lin H, Li Z, Zhang Q, Cai T, Xiang W, Tang J, Yasurin P. Zeng C, et al. Molecules. 2024 Jul 28;29(15):3561. doi: 10.3390/molecules29153561. Molecules. 2024. PMID: 39124965 Free PMC article.
The Pichia kluyveri, a proliferation commonly found in Sichuan pickles (SCPs), can accelerate the growth and reproduction of spoilage bacteria, causing off-odor development and decay. Although D-limonene, a common natural preservative, effectively restricts P. kluyveri, it …
The Pichia kluyveri, a proliferation commonly found in Sichuan pickles (SCPs), can accelerate the growth and reproduction of spoilage bacter …
Coupling limonene formation and oxyfunctionalization by mixed-culture resting cell fermentation.
Willrodt C, Hoschek A, Bühler B, Schmid A, Julsing MK. Willrodt C, et al. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2015 Sep;112(9):1738-50. doi: 10.1002/bit.25592. Epub 2015 Jul 14. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2015. PMID: 25786991
Prominent examples are artificial multistep pathways like the production of perillyl acetate (POHAc) from glucose via limonene. For POHAc, these limitations can be overcome by mixed-culture fermentations. A limonene biosynthesis pathway and cytochrome P450 153A6 (CY …
Prominent examples are artificial multistep pathways like the production of perillyl acetate (POHAc) from glucose via limonene. For P …
Biphasic effect of limonene on contraction of isolated rat aorta.
Rodrigues da Silva RE, Pereira-de-Morais L, Alencar Silva A, Sena Bastos CM, Kennedy-Feitosa E, Menezes IRA, Weinreich D, Leal-Cardoso JH, Barbosa R. Rodrigues da Silva RE, et al. Chem Biol Interact. 2025 Jan 5;405:111313. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111313. Epub 2024 Nov 15. Chem Biol Interact. 2025. PMID: 39551421
However, the observation of limonene's biphasic effect in preclinical studies provides crucial information about its dose-dependent actions. ...In addition, limonene promoted relaxation in contractions induced by BAY-K 8644, a calcium channel agonist and by Ba(2+). …
However, the observation of limonene's biphasic effect in preclinical studies provides crucial information about its dose-dependent a …
Production of d-limonene-loaded Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles.
Alehosseini E, Jafari SM, Shahiri Tabarestani H. Alehosseini E, et al. Food Chem. 2021 Aug 30;354:129591. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129591. Epub 2021 Mar 15. Food Chem. 2021. PMID: 33756315
In this research, the encapsulation of d-limonene, as an aromatic component with several distinct properties, was conducted through optimizing the production of Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and using the response surface methodology; ind …
In this research, the encapsulation of d-limonene, as an aromatic component with several distinct properties, was conducted through o …
Limonene inhibits methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity via regulation of 5-HT neuronal function and dopamine release.
Yun J. Yun J. Phytomedicine. 2014 May 15;21(6):883-7. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.12.004. Epub 2014 Jan 22. Phytomedicine. 2014. PMID: 24462212
In rats, pretreatment with limonene decreased hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine injection. In addition, limonene reversed the increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats given methamphetamine. These results suggest that limonene may …
In rats, pretreatment with limonene decreased hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine injection. In addition, limonene reve …
Synergic effects of DL-limonene, R-limonene, and cisplatin on AKT, PI3K, and mTOR gene expression in MDA-MB-231 and 5637 cell lines.
Motie FM, Soltani Howyzeh M, Ghanbariasad A. Motie FM, et al. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Nov;280(Pt 4):136216. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136216. Epub 2024 Oct 1. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024. PMID: 39362430
This study aims to boost Cisplatin's impact on breast (MDA-MB-231) and bladder (5637) cancer cells using DL-Limonene and R-Limonene. Different concentrations of DL-Limonene, R-Limonene, and Cisplatin, combined, were used to treat MDA-MB-231 and 5637 ce …
This study aims to boost Cisplatin's impact on breast (MDA-MB-231) and bladder (5637) cancer cells using DL-Limonene and R-Limonen …
Contact Allergy to Hydroperoxides of Linalool and D-Limonene in a US Population.
Nath NS, Liu B, Green C, Atwater AR. Nath NS, et al. Dermatitis. 2017 Sep/Oct;28(5):313-316. doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000318. Dermatitis. 2017. PMID: 28885310
BACKGROUND: Linalool and D-limonene are common fragrance ingredients that readily oxidize on exposure to air. The resulting hydroperoxides of linalool and D-limonene have been shown to have high frequencies of positive patch test reactions in several European and in …
BACKGROUND: Linalool and D-limonene are common fragrance ingredients that readily oxidize on exposure to air. The resulting hydropero …
Limonene-in-water Pickering emulsion and on-demand separation using thermo-responsive biodegradable nanoparticles.
Manfredini N , Merigo M , Ilare J , Sponchioni M , Moscatelli D . Manfredini N , et al. Nanoscale. 2021 May 14;13(18):8543-8554. doi: 10.1039/d1nr00694k. Epub 2021 Apr 28. Nanoscale. 2021. PMID: 33908992
Stable limonene-in-water Pickering emulsions could be obtained, with the size of the oil phase and the wetting by limonene that can be strictly controlled by tuning the NP physico-chemical properties. Finally, the adoption of thermo-responsive polymer chains within …
Stable limonene-in-water Pickering emulsions could be obtained, with the size of the oil phase and the wetting by limonene tha …
Anaerobic Limonene Metabolism in a Methanogenic Enrichment Involves a Glycine Radical Enzyme.
Lonsing A, Martens GA, Resteu A, Kizina J, Wilkie I, Bahr A, Harder J. Lonsing A, et al. Environ Microbiol. 2025 Nov;27(11):e70192. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.70192. Environ Microbiol. 2025. PMID: 41185132 Free PMC article.
Limonene is a natural monoterpene omnipresent in human environments. It enters wastewater and is also metabolised in methanogenic digesters. A stable limonene-degrading methanogenic enrichment culture was investigated by metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and metaprote …
Limonene is a natural monoterpene omnipresent in human environments. It enters wastewater and is also metabolised in methanogenic dig …
Molecular Interactions between an Enzyme and Its Inhibitor for Selective Detection of Limonene.
Saito T, Nishida Y, Tabata M, Isobayashi A, Tomizawa H, Miyahara Y, Sugizaki Y. Saito T, et al. Anal Chem. 2022 May 31;94(21):7692-7702. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01110. Epub 2022 May 11. Anal Chem. 2022. PMID: 35543317
As an example, we analyzed the selective interactions between acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and limonene the major odorant of citrus and an AChE inhibitor using molecular dynamics simulations. ...We confirmed the simulation results by experiments using an ion-sensitive field …
As an example, we analyzed the selective interactions between acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and limonene the major odorant of citrus an …
Effect of D-Limonene Nanoemulsion Edible Film on Banana (Musa sapientum Linn.) Post-Harvest Preservation.
Hou CY, Hazeena SH, Hsieh SL, Li BH, Chen MH, Wang PY, Zheng BQ, Liang YS. Hou CY, et al. Molecules. 2022 Sep 20;27(19):6157. doi: 10.3390/molecules27196157. Molecules. 2022. PMID: 36234689 Free PMC article.
The antibacterial activity of D-limonene against food-borne pathogens was investigated in this study by preparing a D-limonene nanoemulsion. ...The data indicate that the D-limonene nanoemulsion has more antibacterial ability against microorganisms than the D …
The antibacterial activity of D-limonene against food-borne pathogens was investigated in this study by preparing a D-limonene …
Enhancing limonene production by probing the metabolic network through time-series metabolomics data.
Khanijou JK, Scipion CPM, Borkar S, Chen X, Chew W. Khanijou JK, et al. Metabolomics. 2025 May 7;21(3):61. doi: 10.1007/s11306-025-02254-y. Metabolomics. 2025. PMID: 40335836
INTRODUCTION: Limonene is a monoterpene with diverse applications in food, medicine, fuel, and material science. ...METHOD: In this work, time-series intracellular metabolomics data from Escherichia coli cultures of a wild-type strain engineered to overproduce limonene …
INTRODUCTION: Limonene is a monoterpene with diverse applications in food, medicine, fuel, and material science. ...METHOD: In this w …
Sweet orange essential oil and (+)-limonene prevent oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma/BV-2 microglia co-culture neurodegeneration models.
Pandur E, Heilmann L, Szilágyi-Utczás M, Rák T, Sipos K, Csutak A, Horváth G. Pandur E, et al. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025 Dec 9;26(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12906-025-05215-z. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025. PMID: 41366672 Free PMC article.
They also decreased the cytochrome c levels and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, sweet orange EO and (+)-limonene attenuated microglia-mediated inflammation in co-cultures, suggesting their potential application as modulators of microglial activity. CONCLUSIONS: Based on t …
They also decreased the cytochrome c levels and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, sweet orange EO and (+)-limonene attenuated microgli …
d-limonene suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and promotes osteoblast activity in vitro.
McCallum L, Fox SW. McCallum L, et al. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2025 Jan 24;89(2):232-240. doi: 10.1093/bbb/zbae164. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2025. PMID: 39533827 Free article.
We found that limonene promoted osteoblast differentiation and bone nodule formation and inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. ...Therefore, limonene supplementation represents a potential route in combination with current interv …
We found that limonene promoted osteoblast differentiation and bone nodule formation and inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation …
Limonene exerts antileishmanial effects via mevalonate pathway in Leishmania amazonensis.
Miguel DC, Gadelha FR, Fernandez SP, Yokoyama-Yasunaka JKU, Ferreira ÉR, Bahia D, da Cunha MERP, Katzin AM, Uliana SRB, Arruda DC. Miguel DC, et al. Acta Trop. 2026 Jun;278:108046. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2026.108046. Epub 2026 Mar 7. Acta Trop. 2026. PMID: 41802553
Mechanistically, limonene disrupts the mevalonate pathway, reducing mevalonate synthesis by 69 %. The consequent decrease in ubiquinone levels impairs mitochondrial redox homeostasis, leading to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, with a marked rise in hydroge …
Mechanistically, limonene disrupts the mevalonate pathway, reducing mevalonate synthesis by 69 %. The consequent decrease in ubiquino …
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