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Probiotic treatment induces sex-dependent neuroprotection and gut microbiome shifts after traumatic brain injury.
Holcomb M, Marshall AG, Flinn H, Lozano-Cavazos M, Soriano S, Gomez-Pinilla F, Treangen TJ, Villapol S. Holcomb M, et al. Among authors: villapol s. J Neuroinflammation. 2025 Apr 20;22(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03419-1. J Neuroinflammation. 2025. PMID: 40254574 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have highlighted the potential influence of gut dysbiosis on traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. Alterations in the abundance and diversity of Lactobacillus species may affect immune dysregulation, neuroinflammatory responses, anxiety- and dep …
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have highlighted the potential influence of gut dysbiosis on traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. Altera …
The Gut Microbiome as a Modulator of Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology and Symptoms.
Vonder Haar C, Celorrio M, Martens KM, Friess SH, Villapol S, Urban RJ, Pyles R, Mychasiuk R, Simon D, Dave A. Vonder Haar C, et al. Among authors: villapol s. J Neurosci. 2025 Nov 12;45(46):e1337252025. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1337-25.2025. J Neurosci. 2025. PMID: 41224658 Review.
Starting in 2018, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome was identified as an acute, and potentially chronic, pathology originating from TBI. Recent studies established that the microbiome contributes to the evolution of TBI pathology and functional impairments. ...This ma …
Starting in 2018, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome was identified as an acute, and potentially chronic, pathology originating from TBI …
Polypathology and dementia after brain trauma: Does brain injury trigger distinct neurodegenerative diseases, or should they be classified together as traumatic encephalopathy?
Washington PM, Villapol S, Burns MP. Washington PM, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Exp Neurol. 2016 Jan;275 Pt 3(0 3):381-388. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.06.015. Epub 2015 Jun 16. Exp Neurol. 2016. PMID: 26091850 Free PMC article. Review.
Neuropathological studies of human traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases have described amyloid plaques acutely after a single severe TBI, and tau pathology after repeat mild TBI (mTBI). ...Further, human post-mortem studies on both single TBI and repeat …
Neuropathological studies of human traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases have described amyloid plaques acutely after a single severe …
The Renin Angiotensin System as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury.
Villapol S, Janatpour ZC, Affram KO, Symes AJ. Villapol S, et al. Neurotherapeutics. 2023 Oct;20(6):1565-1591. doi: 10.1007/s13311-023-01435-8. Epub 2023 Sep 27. Neurotherapeutics. 2023. PMID: 37759139 Free PMC article. Review.
ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct from the AT1R, are also potential therapeutic targets for TBI. ...Stimulation of this pathway also has potential therapeutic value for …
ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct fr …
Sexual dimorphism in the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury.
Villapol S, Loane DJ, Burns MP. Villapol S, et al. Glia. 2017 Sep;65(9):1423-1438. doi: 10.1002/glia.23171. Epub 2017 Jun 13. Glia. 2017. PMID: 28608978 Free PMC article.
The activation of resident microglial cells, alongside the infiltration of peripheral macrophages, are key neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that are directly associated with neuronal death. Sexual disparities in response to TBI have been p …
The activation of resident microglial cells, alongside the infiltration of peripheral macrophages, are key neuroinflammatory responses to tr …
Sex-specific effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on TBI-exacerbated Alzheimer's pathology in mice.
Soriano S, Marshall A, Holcomb M, Flinn H, Burke M, Kara G, Scalzo P, Villapol S. Soriano S, et al. Among authors: villapol s. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Sep 17:2025.09.11.675717. doi: 10.1101/2025.09.11.675717. bioRxiv. 2025. Update in: Front Microbiol. 2026 Feb 02;16:1703708. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1703708. PMID: 41000801 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.
Rotarod performance was better in sham females compared to males and declined in FMT-treated TBI females. Fecal microbiome alpha diversity and richness were unchanged, while beta diversity revealed marked, time-dependent community shifts after TBI that were slightly …
Rotarod performance was better in sham females compared to males and declined in FMT-treated TBI females. Fecal microbiome alpha dive …
Probiotic therapy modulates the brain-gut-liver microbiota axis in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.
Amaral WZ, Kokroko N, Treangen TJ, Villapol S, Gomez-Pinilla F. Amaral WZ, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2024 Dec;1870(8):167483. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167483. Epub 2024 Aug 28. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2024. PMID: 39209236 Free PMC article.
Bioinformatic analysis of the gut microbiota indicated a significant increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the probiotic-treated TBI group compared to sham and untreated TBI groups. Although strong correlations between gut bacteria and hepatic lipids wer …
Bioinformatic analysis of the gut microbiota indicated a significant increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the probiotic-treated …
Apolipoprotein E4 impairs spontaneous blood brain barrier repair following traumatic brain injury.
Main BS, Villapol S, Sloley SS, Barton DJ, Parsadanian M, Agbaegbu C, Stefos K, McCann MS, Washington PM, Rodriguez OC, Burns MP. Main BS, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Mol Neurodegener. 2018 Apr 4;13(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13024-018-0249-5. Mol Neurodegener. 2018. PMID: 29618365 Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality, to which there is currently no comprehensive treatment. ...CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm apoE as an important modulator of spontaneous BBB stabilization following TBI, and highl …
BACKGROUND: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality, to which there is currently no comprehensive t …
Probiotic treatment causes sex-specific neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury in mice.
Holcomb M, Marshall A, Flinn H, Lozano M, Soriano S, Gomez-Pinilla F, Treangen TJ, Villapol S. Holcomb M, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2024 Apr 2:rs.3.rs-4196801. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4196801/v1. Res Sq. 2024. Update in: J Neuroinflammation. 2025 Apr 20;22(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03419-1. PMID: 38645104 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shed light on the potential role of gut dysbiosis in shaping traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. Changes in the levels and types of Lactobacillus bacteria present might impact the immune system disturbances, neuroinflammatory responses, a …
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shed light on the potential role of gut dysbiosis in shaping traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. C …
Gut microbiome remodeling by antibiotics reduces neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury.
Flinn H, Marshall A, Holcomb M, Burke M, Cruz-Pineda L, Soriano S, Treangen TJ, Villapol S. Flinn H, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2025 Sep 18:rs.3.rs-7411086. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7411086/v1. Res Sq. 2025. Update in: Commun Biol. 2026 Feb 25. doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09737-1. PMID: 41001537 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces both neuroinflammation and gut microbiome dysbiosis, yet the influence of antibiotics (ABX) on TBI-related neuropathology remains unclear. ...These findings suggest that short-term ABX treatment may attenuate TBI-induced n …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces both neuroinflammation and gut microbiome dysbiosis, yet the influence of antibiotics (ABX) on …
Sex-specific effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on TBI-exacerbated Alzheimer's disease pathology in mice.
Soriano S, Marshall A, Holcomb M, Flinn H, Burke M, Kara G, Scalzo P, Villapol S. Soriano S, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Front Microbiol. 2026 Feb 2;16:1703708. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1703708. eCollection 2025. Front Microbiol. 2026. PMID: 41704851 Free PMC article.
Rotarod performance was better in sham females compared to males and declined in FMT-treated TBI females. Fecal microbiome alpha diversity and richness were unchanged, while beta diversity revealed marked, time-dependent community shifts after TBI that were slightly …
Rotarod performance was better in sham females compared to males and declined in FMT-treated TBI females. Fecal microbiome alpha dive …
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Derived from Alzheimer's Disease Mice Worsens Brain Trauma Outcomes in Wild-Type Controls.
Soriano S, Curry K, Wang Q, Chow E, Treangen TJ, Villapol S. Soriano S, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Apr 19;23(9):4476. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094476. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 35562867 Free PMC article.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, both of which increase the risk and accelerate the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). ...Furthermore, WT mice exhibited larger lesion, increased activated microglia/macrophages, and reduced …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, both of which increase the risk and accelerate the progr …
Biomimetic Nanoparticles as a Theranostic Tool for Traumatic Brain Injury.
Zinger A, Soriano S, Baudo G, De Rosa E, Taraballi F, Villapol S. Zinger A, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Adv Funct Mater. 2021 Jul 23;31(30):2100722. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202100722. Epub 2021 Mar 26. Adv Funct Mater. 2021. PMID: 34413716 Free PMC article.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers both central and peripheral inflammatory responses. Existing pharmacological drugs are unable to effectively and quickly target the brain inflamed regions, setting up a major roadblock towards effective brain trauma treatments. ...In s …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers both central and peripheral inflammatory responses. Existing pharmacological drugs are unable t …
Antibiotic treatment induces microbiome dysbiosis and reduction of neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury in mice.
Flinn H, Marshall A, Holcomb M, Cruz L, Soriano S, Treangen TJ, Villapol S. Flinn H, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2024 Jun 11:rs.3.rs-4475195. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4475195/v1. Res Sq. 2024. PMID: 38946944 Free PMC article. Preprint.
BACKGROUND: The gut microbiome is linked to brain pathology in cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet the specific bacteria that are implicated are not well characterized. To address this gap, in this study, we induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) in male C57BL/ …
BACKGROUND: The gut microbiome is linked to brain pathology in cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet the specific bacteria that …
Telomerase mRNA-Lipid nanoparticles attenuate neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury in mice.
Kara G, Holcomb M, Tiwari A, Flinn H, Eimer T, Marshall A, Burke M, Park P, Court K, Cooke JP, Godin B, Villapol S. Kara G, et al. Among authors: villapol s. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Dec 22:2025.12.18.694748. doi: 10.64898/2025.12.18.694748. bioRxiv. 2025. PMID: 41509282 Free PMC article. Preprint.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of chronic neurological disability, yet no disease-modifying therapy exists. ...Collectively, these data provide the first in vivo evidence that telomerase therapy can modulate telomere biology and neuroinflammation after …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of chronic neurological disability, yet no disease-modifying therapy exists. ...Colle …
Serum Amyloid A is Expressed in the Brain After Traumatic Brain Injury in a Sex-Dependent Manner.
Soriano S, Moffet B, Wicker E, Villapol S. Soriano S, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2020 Oct;40(7):1199-1211. doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-00808-3. Epub 2020 Feb 14. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2020. PMID: 32060858 Free PMC article.
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein upregulated in the liver after traumatic brain injury (TBI). So far, it has not been investigated whether SAA expression also occurs in the brain in response to TBI. ...Both SAA mRNA and protein expression colocalize w …
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein upregulated in the liver after traumatic brain injury (TBI). So far, it has not been …
Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Induces Acute Bacterial Dysbiosis Within the Fecal Microbiome.
Treangen TJ, Wagner J, Burns MP, Villapol S. Treangen TJ, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Front Immunol. 2018 Nov 27;9:2757. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02757. eCollection 2018. Front Immunol. 2018. PMID: 30546361 Free PMC article.
The secondary injury cascade that is activated following traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces responses from multiple physiological systems, including the immune system. ...However, changes to the gut microbiome induced after acute TBI remains largely unexplored. In …
The secondary injury cascade that is activated following traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces responses from multiple physiological s …
Sex-dependent improvement in traumatic brain injury outcomes after liposomal delivery of dexamethasone in mice.
Baudo G, Flinn H, Holcomb M, Tiwari A, Soriano S, Taraballi F, Godin B, Zinger A, Villapol S. Baudo G, et al. Among authors: villapol s. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 May 17:2023.05.16.541045. doi: 10.1101/2023.05.16.541045. bioRxiv. 2023. Update in: Bioeng Transl Med. 2024 Feb 04;9(4):e10647. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10647. PMID: 37292856 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.
Despite advances in rehabilitation care, effective neuroprotective treatments for TBI patients are lacking. Furthermore, current drug delivery methods for TBI treatment are inefficient in targeting inflamed brain areas. ...These results suggest that Lipo-Dex adminis …
Despite advances in rehabilitation care, effective neuroprotective treatments for TBI patients are lacking. Furthermore, current drug …
NOX2 deficiency alters macrophage phenotype through an IL-10/STAT3 dependent mechanism: implications for traumatic brain injury.
Barrett JP, Henry RJ, Villapol S, Stoica BA, Kumar A, Burns MP, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Barrett JP, et al. Among authors: villapol s. J Neuroinflammation. 2017 Mar 24;14(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0843-4. J Neuroinflammation. 2017. PMID: 28340575 Free PMC article.
Excessive ROS production is linked with neuroinflammation and chronic neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Redox signaling regulates macrophage/microglial phenotypic responses (pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory), and NOX2 inhibition following m …
Excessive ROS production is linked with neuroinflammation and chronic neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Redox …
Sex-dependent improvement in traumatic brain injury outcomes after liposomal delivery of dexamethasone in mice.
Baudo G, Flinn H, Holcomb M, Tiwari A, Soriano S, Taraballi F, Godin B, Zinger A, Villapol S. Baudo G, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Bioeng Transl Med. 2024 Feb 4;9(4):e10647. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10647. eCollection 2024 Jul. Bioeng Transl Med. 2024. PMID: 39036088 Free PMC article.
Despite advances in rehabilitation care, effective neuroprotective treatments for TBI patients are lacking. Furthermore, current drug delivery methods for TBI treatment are inefficient in targeting inflamed brain areas. ...These results suggest that Lipo-Dex adminis …
Despite advances in rehabilitation care, effective neuroprotective treatments for TBI patients are lacking. Furthermore, current drug …
Temporal Changes in Cortical and Hippocampal Expression of Genes Important for Brain Glucose Metabolism Following Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in Mice.
Zhou J, Burns MP, Huynh L, Villapol S, Taub DD, Saavedra JM, Blackman MR. Zhou J, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Sep 11;8:231. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00231. eCollection 2017. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017. PMID: 28955302 Free PMC article.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes transient increases and subsequent decreases in brain glucose utilization. ...These data provide molecular evidence for dynamic alteration of multiple critical factors in brain glucose metabolism post-TBI and can inform further re …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes transient increases and subsequent decreases in brain glucose utilization. ...These data provide …
Candesartan, an angiotensin II AT₁-receptor blocker and PPAR-γ agonist, reduces lesion volume and improves motor and memory function after traumatic brain injury in mice.
Villapol S, Yaszemski AK, Logan TT, Sánchez-Lemus E, Saavedra JM, Symes AJ. Villapol S, et al. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Dec;37(13):2817-29. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.152. Epub 2012 Aug 15. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012. PMID: 22892395 Free PMC article.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in complex pathological reactions, the initial lesion worsened by secondary inflammation and edema. ...Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) are neuroprotective in models of stroke but little is known of their effect when administered in T …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in complex pathological reactions, the initial lesion worsened by secondary inflammation and ede …
iDISCO Tissue Clearing Whole-Brain and Light Sheet Microscopy for High-Throughput Imaging in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury.
Flinn H, Cruz-Pineda L, Montier L, Horner PJ, Villapol S. Flinn H, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Methods Mol Biol. 2024;2761:589-597. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_39. Methods Mol Biol. 2024. PMID: 38427263
This imaging technology enables us to visualize brain tissue in situ and quantify the morphology and extent of glial cell branches or neuronal processes extending from the epicenter of a traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this way, we can more accurately assess and quantify …
This imaging technology enables us to visualize brain tissue in situ and quantify the morphology and extent of glial cell branches or neuron …
Peripheral macrophages and T-cells accumulate in the degenerating optic tract after repetitive head impact.
Main BS, Villapol S, Buenaventura RG, Harvey AC, Parsadanian M, Bosomtwi A, O'Leary JD, Gondalia DC, St Jean AI, Sbaih OI, Dardzinski BJ, Febo M, Korotcov A, Burns MP. Main BS, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Brain Behav Immun. 2026 Feb 23;135:106511. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106511. Online ahead of print. Brain Behav Immun. 2026. PMID: 41740873 Free article.
Chronic white matter inflammation is a feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI), consistently observed in rodent models of repetitive mild TBI and persistnat in human TBI patients for years post-injury. We use a high-frequency head impact model (HFHI, 5 impact …
Chronic white matter inflammation is a feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI), consistently observed in rodent models of repetitive …
TGF-β superfamily gene expression and induction of the Runx1 transcription factor in adult neurogenic regions after brain injury.
Logan TT, Villapol S, Symes AJ. Logan TT, et al. Among authors: villapol s. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59250. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059250. Epub 2013 Mar 21. PLoS One. 2013. PMID: 23555640 Free PMC article.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases neurogenesis in the forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). ...Our data suggest potential roles for Runx1 in the processes of microglial cell activation and proliferation and in neural stem cell pro …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases neurogenesis in the forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) …
Temporal patterns of cortical proliferation of glial cell populations after traumatic brain injury in mice.
Susarla BT, Villapol S, Yi JH, Geller HM, Symes AJ. Susarla BT, et al. Among authors: villapol s. ASN Neuro. 2014 May 8;6(3):159-70. doi: 10.1042/AN20130034. ASN Neuro. 2014. PMID: 24670035 Free PMC article.
TBI (traumatic brain injury) triggers an inflammatory cascade, gliosis and cell proliferation following cell death in the pericontusional area and surrounding the site of injury. ...
TBI (traumatic brain injury) triggers an inflammatory cascade, gliosis and cell proliferation following cell death in the pericontusi …
Serum Amyloid A Protein as a Potential Biomarker for Severity and Acute Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury.
Wicker E, Benton L, George K, Furlow W, Villapol S. Wicker E, et al. Among authors: villapol s. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Apr 16;2019:5967816. doi: 10.1155/2019/5967816. eCollection 2019. Biomed Res Int. 2019. PMID: 31119176 Free PMC article.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes a wide variety of neuroinflammatory events. These neuroinflammatory events depend, to a greater extent, on the severity of the damage. ...Altogether, these results suggest that serum SAA may be a novel neuroinflammation-based, and severi …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes a wide variety of neuroinflammatory events. These neuroinflammatory events depend, to a greater e …
Temporal dynamics of cerebral blood flow, cortical damage, apoptosis, astrocyte-vasculature interaction and astrogliosis in the pericontusional region after traumatic brain injury.
Villapol S, Byrnes KR, Symes AJ. Villapol S, et al. Front Neurol. 2014 Jun 4;5:82. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00082. eCollection 2014. Front Neurol. 2014. PMID: 24926283 Free PMC article.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a loss of brain tissue at the moment of impact in the cerebral cortex. ...Understanding the multiple processes occurring after TBI is critical to the ability to develop neuroprotective therapeutics to ameliorate the short and …
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a loss of brain tissue at the moment of impact in the cerebral cortex. ...Understanding the m …