Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common diagnostic problem, particularly in hospitalized patients. It remains a frequent cause of unexpected deaths. Traditionally, the diagnostic work-up for suspected PE has centered on the use of ventilation-perfusion (V-P) radionuclide lung scanning. However, V-P scanning does not provide adequate confirmation or exclusion of the diagnosis in the majority of patients who undergo this test. Although published guidelines advise further diagnostic testing after nondiagnostic V-P scans, clinicians infrequently perform such testing, and management decisions are commonly based on clinical judgment. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of computed tomographic (CT) angiography in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected PE. Although there are unresolved issues regarding its sensitivity in detecting small peripheral emboli, CT angiography is more accurate than V-P scanning in the diagnosis of PE and yields other intrathoracic diagnoses. Herein we summarize the problems with the traditional approach centered on the use of V-P scanning in the diagnosis of PE and propose an alternative diagnostic strategy based primarily on the use of CT angiography.