Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial pathological process. In recent years, the immune factors associated with its initiation and progression have been investigated intensively. Several autoantigens and their respective autoantibodies have been suggested as factors in atherogenesis. This manuscript provides a review of autoantibodies directed towards oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), cardiolipin, beta2-glycoprotein-I and heat-shock protein 60/65, and their association with human and murine atherosclerosis.