A survey with 502 interviews was realized in the region of Campinas (S.P.) to evaluate the community's knowledge and concepts regarding dengue: disease, vector and prevention. This information was then compared with the actual behavior towards prevention and the presence of breeding sites. Three neighborhoods of Santa Barbara D'Oeste (170,000 inhabitants) were chosen because they were located in the first municipality with autochthonous transmission, since 1995. Areas with better social and urban conditions scored higher in terms of knowledge compared with peripheral neighborhoods, even though these regions had priority in the local education program, due to case notification. However, breeding sites were found equally in both regions. A major gap between knowledge and attitude was detected in all regions. The results of the survey can help the organization of education programs to find ways to put this knowledge into practice. This instrument is useful to monitor the impact of dengue control programs.