The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) and the elemental contents of the adhesive interface created to normal versus caries-affected dentin. Extracted human molars with coronal carious lesions were used in this study. A self-etching primer/adhesive system (Clearfil Protect Bond) was applied to flat dentin surfaces with normal and caries-affected dentin according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h water storage, the bonded specimens were cross-sectioned and subjected to a microTBS test and electron probe microanalysis for the elemental distributions [calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and nitrogen (N)] of the resin-dentin interface after gold sputter-coating. The microTBS to caries-affected dentin was lower than that of normal dentin. The demineralized zone of the caries-affected dentin-resin interface was thicker than that of normal dentin (approximately 3 microm thick in normal dentin; 8 microm thick in caries-affected dentin), and Ca and P in both types of dentin gradually increased from the interface to the underlying dentin. The caries-affected dentin had lost most of its Mg content. The distributions of the minerals, Ca, P, and Mg, at the adhesive interface to caries-affected dentin were different from normal dentin. Moreover, a N peak, which was considered to be the collagen-rich zone resulting from incomplete resin infiltration of exposed collagen, was observed to be thicker within the demineralized zone of caries-affected dentin compared with normal dentin.